By Joshua Haiar/South Dakota Spotlight, Energy News Network

Wind has surpassed hydroelectric power as the largest generator of electricity in South Dakota.

Last year, over 52% of the electricity generated in the state came from wind turbines.

That’s because of a large number of new, better turbines built in recent years. The state was home to 526 turbines before 2019. Another 511 were constructed from 2019 to 2021.

South Dakota now produces twice as much electricity as it uses. It exports the rest to nearby states, according to the Public Utilities Commission. Commissioner Kristie Fiegen said newer wind projects were motivated by more transmission lines, available tax credits that developers feared were coming to an end, and technological advancements that make turbines a more feasible investment.

But producing the majority of electricity in a year doesn’t mean wind produces the majority every day. That day-to-day number can vary greatly, Fiegen said.

Because of that and the lack of a way to store energy produced during previous periods, it is important to have reliable backup sources, according to Fiegen.

“We have to have that coal and natural gas to support the wind when it’s not blowing or the solar when the sun’s not shining,” she said.

Fiegen said things like coal, natural gas and nuclear are the energy backups South Dakota may need until large batteries are capable of storing the unused electricity currently being exported.

South Dakota Renewable Energy Association Analyst Steve Wegman agrees. But he is optimistic that efficient air conditioning and heating systems, alternative energy storage projects, and recent federal investments will dramatically reduce the reliance on non-renewables soon.

For example, there is renewed interest in the Gregory County Pumped Storage Project. That project would use electricity generated when demand is low to pump water uphill into a proposed reservoir. Gravity would then bring the water down into an existing, lower reservoir on the Missouri River, turning a turbine to generate power when demand is higher.

Plus, the Inflation Reduction Act passed by Congress and signed by President Biden includes investments for additional turbines and more transmission lines. The bill also includes tax credits for large in-home batteries – often called a “power wall.”

Nearly all of South Dakota’s major wind energy projects are East River.

Steve Wegman said that’s for a number of reasons.

“For one, the demand for electricity in West River South Dakota is about the same as the greater Sioux Falls metro area alone. Additionally, the underlying infrastructure, like transmission lines, already exists in eastern South Dakota,” he said.

Wegman said there have been few new transmission lines built in western South Dakota in recent decades.

New wind energy development in South Dakota is likely to plateau until more of that underlying infrastructure is constructed, according to Wegman.

“All of our big transmission lines are full and until we get more built, there is no use in building more turbines,” Wegman said.

In some areas of the state, wind energy is a tax-revenue generator for local governments.

Wessington Springs School District received over $150,000 in tax revenue in 2022 from the two major wind energy projects in Jerauld County, according to County Auditor Shannon Fagerhaug. The county itself received another $110,000 that’s primarily used to maintain and develop roads, and another $47,000 was split among four townships in the county, Fagerhaug said.

Regardless, stories about turbines being loud and killing birds are common. Wind-energy analyst Steve Wegman said those stories are overblown, citing an article saying, “wind farms killed approximately 7,000 birds in the United States in 2006 but nuclear plants killed about 327,000 and fossil-fueled power plants 14.5 million.”

“On a windy day, you’ll hear the corn rustling and trucks traveling a lot more than these turbines. What people are really upset about is the wind developers not choosing their land to build on,” Wegman said.

Wind turbines are sited far enough from homes that noise is minimal, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. The department says a nearby wind plant is no louder than a refrigerator heard from another room.

A wind turbine went up on Nick Nemec’s 5,000-acre farm near Highmore one year ago. He said the turbine is no louder than a combine and the noise is hardly audible from the nearest public road.

“It’s a very vocal minority that complains about them. There are too many people listening to far-right fossil fuel types that don’t like them because it’s eating into their business,” Nemec said.

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