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      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 1 of 14

 

 

                                                                              UNITED STATES

                                                         SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

                                                                     Washington, D.C. 20549

 

                                                                              SCHEDULE 13G

 

                                                 Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

                                                                         (Amendment No. )*

 

                                                                       GlycoMimetics, Inc.

                                                                          (Name of Issuer)

 

                                                            Common Stock, $0.001 par value

                                                            (Title of Class of Securities)

 

                                                                                 38000Q102 

                                                                            (CUSIP Number)

 

                                                                         December 31, 2015

 

                                   (Date of Event Which Requires Filing of this Statement)

 

    Check the appropriate box to designate the rule pursuant to which this Schedule is filed:

 

    [X] Rule 13d‑1(b)

    [ ] Rule 13d‑1(c)

    [ ] Rule 13d‑1(d)

 

    *The remainder of this cover page shall be filled out for a reporting person's initial

    filing on this form with respect to the subject class of securities, and for any

    subsequent amendment containing information which would alter the disclosures provided in

    a prior cover page.

 

    The information required in the remainder of this cover page shall not be deemed to be

    "filed" for the purpose of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Act") or

    otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section of the Act but shall be subject to

    all other provisions of the Act (however, see the Notes).

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 2 of 14

 

 

          1.    NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

 

                      Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

          2.    CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

 

                      (a) 

                      (b) X

 

          3.    SEC USE ONLY

 

          4.    CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

 

                      Delaware 

 

          NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

 

          5.    SOLE VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          6.    SHARED VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          7.    SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          8.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          9.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

 

                      1,009,979 

 

          10.   CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (9) EXCLUDES

                      CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

 

          11.   PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (9)

 

                      5.3% 

 

          12.   TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

 

                      HC, CO (See Item 4)

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 3 of 14

 

 

          1.    NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

 

                      Charles B. Johnson

 

          2.    CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

 

                      (a) 

                      (b) X

 

          3.    SEC USE ONLY

 

          4.    CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

 

                      USA 

 

          NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

 

          5.    SOLE VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          6.    SHARED VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          7.    SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          8.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          9.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

 

                      1,009,979 

 

          10.   CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (9) EXCLUDES

                      CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

 

          11.   PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (9)

 

                      5.3% 

 

          12.   TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

 

                      HC, IN (See Item 4)

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 4 of 14

 

 

          1.    NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

 

                      Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

 

          2.    CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

 

                      (a) 

                      (b) X

 

          3.    SEC USE ONLY

 

          4.    CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

 

                      USA 

 

          NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

 

          5.    SOLE VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          6.    SHARED VOTING POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          7.    SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          8.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      (See Item 4)

 

          9.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

 

                      1,009,979 

 

          10.   CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (9) EXCLUDES

                      CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

 

          11.   PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (9)

 

                      5.3% 

 

          12.   TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

 

                      HC, IN (See Item 4)

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 5 of 14

 

 

          1.    NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

 

                      Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 

          2.    CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

 

                      (a) 

                      (b) X

 

          3.    SEC USE ONLY

 

          4.    CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

 

                      California 

 

          NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

 

          5.    SOLE VOTING POWER

 

                      1,009,979  

 

          6.    SHARED VOTING POWER

 

                     

 

          7.    SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                      1,009,979  

 

          8.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

 

                     

 

          9.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

 

                      1,009,979 

 

          10.   CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (9) EXCLUDES

                      CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

 

          11.   PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (9)

 

                      5.3% 

 

          12.   TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

 

                      IA, CO (See Item 4)

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 6 of 14

 

 

          Item 1.

 

          (a)   Name of Issuer

 

                      GlycoMimetics, Inc.

 

          (b)   Address of Issuer's Principal Executive Offices

 

           9708 Medical Center Drive

           Rockville, MD 20850

 

          Item 2.

 

          (a)   Name of Person Filing

                      (i):   Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

                      (ii):  Charles B. Johnson

 

                      (iii): Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

 

                      (iv):  Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 

 

          (b)   Address of Principal Business Office or, if none, Residence

 

                      (i), (ii), and (iii):

                                  One Franklin Parkway

                                  San Mateo, CA 94403‑1906

                     (iv): One Franklin Parkway

                                  San Mateo, CA  94403‑1906

 

          (c)   Citizenship

 

                      (i):     Delaware

 

                      (ii) and (iii): USA

 

                      (iv): California

 

 

          (d)   Title of Class of Securities

 

                      Common Stock, $0.001 par value

 

          (e)   CUSIP Number

 

                      38000Q102 

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 7 of 14

 

 

        Item 3. If this statement is filed pursuant to §§240.13d‑1(b) or 240.13d‑2(b) or (c),

                        check whether the person filing is a:

                      (a) [ ] Broker or dealer registered under section 15 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o).

 

                      (b) [ ] Bank as defined in section 3(a)(6) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78c).

 

                      (c) [ ] Insurance company as defined in section 3(a)(19) of the Act (15 U.S.C.

                                      78c). 

 

                      (d) [ ] Investment company registered under section 8 of the Investment Company

                                      Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C 80a‑8).

 

                      (e) [X] An investment adviser in accordance with §240.13d‑1(b)(1)(ii)(E);

 

                      (f) [ ] An employee benefit plan or endowment fund in accordance with

                                      §240.13d‑1(b)(1)(ii)(F); 

 

                      (g) [X] A parent holding company or control person in accordance with

                                      §240.13d‑1(b)(1)(ii)(G); 

 

                      (h) [ ] A savings associations as defined in Section 3(b) of the Federal Deposit

                                      Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813);

 

                      (i) [ ] A church plan that is excluded from the definition of an investment

                                      company under section 3(c)(14) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15

                                      U.S.C. 80a‑3);

 

                      (j) [ ] A non‑U.S. institution in accordance with §240.13d‑1(b)(ii)(J);

 

                      (k) [ ] Group, in accordance with §240.13d 1(b)(1)(ii)(K).

 

                      If filing as a non‑U.S. institution in accordance with §240.13d‑1(b)(1)(ii) (J).

                      please specify the type of institution:

 

          Item 4.  Ownership

 

          The securities reported herein are beneficially owned by one or more open‑ or

          closed‑end investment companies or other managed accounts that are investment

          management clients of investment managers that are direct and indirect subsidiaries

          (each, an “Investment Management Subsidiary” and, collectively, the “Investment

          Management Subsidiaries”) of Franklin Resources Inc. (“FRI”), including the Investment

          Management Subsidiaries listed in this Item 4.  When an investment management contract

          (including a sub‑advisory agreement) delegates to an Investment Management Subsidiary

          investment discretion or voting power over the securities held in the investment

          advisory accounts that are subject to that agreement, FRI treats the Investment

          Management Subsidiary as having sole investment discretion or voting authority, as the

          case may be, unless the agreement specifies otherwise. Accordingly, each Investment

          Management Subsidiary reports on Schedule 13G that it has sole investment discretion

          and voting authority over the securities covered by any such investment management

          agreement, unless otherwise noted in this Item 4.  As a result, for purposes of Rule

          13d‑3 under the Act, the Investment Management Subsidiaries listed in this Item 4 may

          be deemed to be the beneficial owners of the securities reported in this Schedule 13G.

 

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 8 of 14

 

          Beneficial ownership by Investment Management Subsidiaries and other FRI affiliates is

          being reported in conformity with the guidelines articulated by the SEC staff in

          Release No. 34‑39538 (January 12, 1998) relating to organizations, such as FRI, where

          related entities exercise voting and investment powers over the securities being

          reported independently from each other.  The voting and investment powers held by

          Franklin Mutual Advisers, LLC (“FMA”), an indirect wholly‑owned Investment Management

          Subsidiary, are exercised independently from FRI and from all other Investment

          Management Subsidiaries (FRI, its affiliates and the Investment Management

          Subsidiaries other than FMA are collectively, “FRI affiliates”). Furthermore, internal

          policies and procedures of FMA and FRI establish informational barriers that prevent

          the flow between FMA and the FRI affiliates of information that relates to the voting

          and investment powers over the securities owned by their respective management

          clients. Consequently, FMA and FRI affiliates report the securities over which they

          hold investment and voting power separately from each other for purposes of Section 13

          of the Act.

 

          Charles B. Johnson and Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. (the “Principal Shareholders”) each own

          in excess of 10% of the outstanding common stock of FRI and are the principal

          stockholders of FRI.  FRI and the Principal Shareholders may be deemed to be, for

          purposes of Rule 13d‑3 under the Act, the beneficial owners of securities held by

          persons and entities for whom or for which FRI subsidiaries provide investment

          management services.  The number of shares that may be deemed to be beneficially owned

          and the percentage of the class of which such shares are a part are reported in Items

          9 and 11 of the cover pages for FRI and each of the Principal Shareholders.  FRI, the

          Principal Shareholders and each of the Investment Management Subsidiaries disclaim any

          pecuniary interest in any of the such securities.  In addition, the filing of this

          Schedule 13G on behalf of the Principal Shareholders, FRI and the FRI affiliates, as

          applicable, should not be construed as an admission that any of them is, and each of

          them disclaims that it is, the beneficial owner, as defined in Rule 13d‑3, of any of

          the securities reported in this Schedule 13G.

 

          FRI, the Principal Shareholders, and each of the Investment Management Subsidiaries

          believe that they are not a “group” within the meaning of Rule 13d‑5 under the Act and

          that they are not otherwise required to attribute to each other the beneficial

          ownership of the securities held by any of them or by any persons or entities for whom

          or for which the Investment Management Subsidiaries provide investment management

          services. 

 

                      (a)   Amount beneficially owned:

 

                                  1,009,979 

 

                      (b)   Percent of class:

 

                                  5.3% 

 

                      (c)   Number of shares as to which the person has:

 

                              (i)  Sole power to vote or to direct the vote

 

                                        Franklin Resources, Inc.:                                            0

 

                                        Charles B. Johnson:                                                  0

 

                                        Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.:                                              0

 

                                        Franklin Advisers, Inc.:                                     1,009,979

 

                            (ii)  Shared power to vote or to direct the vote

 

                                       

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 9 of 14

 

 

                          (iii)  Sole power to dispose or to direct the disposition of

 

                                        Franklin Resources, Inc.:                                            0

 

                                        Charles B. Johnson:                                                  0

 

                                        Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.:                                              0

 

                                        Franklin Advisers, Inc.:                                     1,009,979

 

                           (iv)   Shared power to dispose or to direct the disposition of

 

                                       

 

          Item 5.  Ownership of Five Percent or Less of a Class

 

                            If this statement is being filed to report the fact that as of the date

                            hereof the reporting person has ceased to be the beneficial owner of more

                            than five percent of the class of securities, check the following [ ].

 

          Item 6.  Ownership of More than Five Percent on Behalf of Another Person

 

                            The clients of the Investment Management Subsidiaries, including investment

                            companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and other

                            managed accounts, have the right to receive or power to direct the receipt of

                            dividends from, and the proceeds from the sale of, the securities reported

                            herein.   

 

          Item 7.  Identification and Classification of the Subsidiary Which Acquired the

                            Security Being Reported on By the Parent Holding Company

 

                            See Attached Exhibit C

 

          Item 8.  Identification and Classification of Members of the Group

 

                            Not Applicable

 

          Item 9.  Notice of Dissolution of Group

 

                            Not Applicable

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 10 of 14

 

          Item 10.  Certification

 

          By signing below I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the

          securities referred to above were acquired and are held in the ordinary course of

          business and were not acquired and are not held for the purpose of or with the effect

          of changing or influencing the control of the issuer of the securities and were not

          acquired and are not held in connection with or as a participant in any transaction

          having that purpose or effect.

 

           

 

          This report shall not be construed as an admission by the persons filing the report

          that they are the beneficial owner of any securities covered by this report.

 

          Exhibits. 

                            Exhibit A Joint Filing Agreement

                            Exhibit B Limited Powers of Attorney for Section 13 Reporting Obligations

                            Exhibit C Item 7 Identification and Classification of Subsidiaries

 

                                                                                  SIGNATURE 

 

          After reasonable inquiry and to the best of my knowledge and belief, I certify that

          the information set forth in this statement is true, complete and correct.

 

          Dated:  February 2, 2016

 

          Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

          Charles B. Johnson

 

          Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

 

          Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 

          By:     /s/MARIA GRAY

                         ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ 

                         Maria Gray

                         Vice President and Secretary of Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

                         Attorney‑in‑Fact for Charles B. Johnson pursuant to Power of Attorney

                         attached to this Schedule 13G

 

                         Attorney‑in‑Fact for Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. pursuant to Power of Attorney

                         attached to this Schedule 13G

 

            Secretary of Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 

 

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 11 of 14

 

          EXHIBIT A

 

          JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

 

          In accordance with Rule 13d‑1(k) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as

          amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing with each other of the

          attached statement on Schedule 13G and to all amendments to such statement and that

          such statement and all amendments to such statement are made on behalf of each of

          them. 

 

          IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this agreement on February 2, 2016.

 

          Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

          Charles B. Johnson

 

          Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

 

          Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 

          By:     /s/MARIA GRAY

                         ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ 

                         Maria Gray

                         Vice President and Secretary of Franklin Resources, Inc.

 

                         Attorney‑in‑Fact for Charles B. Johnson pursuant to Power of Attorney

                         attached to this Schedule 13G

 

                         Attorney‑in‑Fact for Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. pursuant to Power of Attorney

                         attached to this Schedule 13G

 

            Secretary of Franklin Advisers, Inc.

 


 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 12 of 14

 

          EXHIBIT B

 

                                                                       LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY

                                                                                             FOR 

                                                                SECTION 13 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS

 

                                  Know all by these presents, that the undersigned hereby makes, constitutes

          and appoints each of Robert Rosselot and Maria Gray, each acting individually, as the

          undersigned’s true and lawful attorney‑in‑fact, with full power and authority as

          hereinafter described on behalf of and in the name, place and stead of the undersigned

          to: 

 

          (1)         prepare, execute, acknowledge, deliver and file Schedules 13D and 13G

          (including any amendments thereto or any related documentation) with the United States

          Securities and Exchange Commission, any national securities exchanges and Franklin

          Resources, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Reporting Entity”), as considered

          necessary or advisable under Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the

          rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended from time to time (the

          “Exchange Act”); and

 

          (2)         perform any and all other acts which in the discretion of such

          attorney‑in‑fact are necessary or desirable for and on behalf of the undersigned in

          connection with the foregoing.

 

                                  The undersigned acknowledges that:

 

          (1)         this Limited Power of Attorney authorizes, but does not require, each such

          attorney‑in‑fact to act in their discretion on information provided to such

          attorney‑in‑fact without independent verification of such information;

          (2)         any documents prepared and/or executed by either such attorney‑in‑fact on

          behalf of the undersigned pursuant to this Limited Power of Attorney will be in such

          form and will contain such information and disclosure as such attorney‑in‑fact, in his

          or her discretion, deems necessary or desirable;

          (3)         neither the Reporting Entity nor either of such attorneys‑in‑fact assumes

          (i) any liability for the undersigned’s responsibility to comply with the requirements

          of the Exchange Act or (ii) any liability of the undersigned for any failure to comply

          with such requirements; and

          (4)         this Limited Power of Attorney does not relieve the undersigned from

          responsibility for compliance with the undersigned’s obligations under the Exchange

          Act, including without limitation the reporting requirements under Section 13 of the

          Exchange Act.

                                  The undersigned hereby gives and grants each of the foregoing

          attorneys‑in‑fact full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and

          thing whatsoever requisite, necessary or appropriate to be done in and about the

          foregoing matters as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or

          could do if present, hereby ratifying all that each such attorney‑in‑fact of, for and

          on behalf of the undersigned, shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of this

          Limited Power of Attorney.

                                  This Limited Power of Attorney shall remain in full force and effect until

          revoked by the undersigned in a signed writing delivered to each such

          attorney‑in‑fact. 

 

          IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has caused this Limited Power of Attorney to be

          executed as of this      30th      day of          April        , 2007

 

                                                                                                                              /s/Charles B. Johnson

                                                                                                                              Signature 

 

                                                                                                                              Charles B. Johnson

                                                               Print Name

 


 
 
 
 

 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 13 of 14

 

                                                                      LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY

                                                                                            FOR 

                                                               SECTION 13 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS

 

                                  Know all by these presents, that the undersigned hereby makes,

          constitutes and appoints each of Robert Rosselot and Maria Gray, each acting

          individually, as the undersigned’s true and lawful attorney‑in‑fact, with full power

          and authority as hereinafter described on behalf of and in the name, place and stead

          of the undersigned to:

 

          (1)         prepare, execute, acknowledge, deliver and file Schedules 13D and 13G

          (including any amendments thereto or any related documentation) with the United

          States Securities and Exchange Commission, any national securities exchanges and

          Franklin Resources, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Reporting Entity”), as

          considered necessary or advisable under Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of

          1934 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended from time to

          time (the “Exchange Act”); and

 

          (2)         perform any and all other acts which in the discretion of such

          attorney‑in‑fact are necessary or desirable for and on behalf of the undersigned in

          connection with the foregoing.

 

                                  The undersigned acknowledges that:

 

          (1)         this Limited Power of Attorney authorizes, but does not require, each

          such attorney‑in‑fact to act in their discretion on information provided to such

          attorney‑in‑fact without independent verification of such information;

          (2)         any documents prepared and/or executed by either such attorney‑in‑fact

          on behalf of the undersigned pursuant to this Limited Power of Attorney will be in

          such form and will contain such information and disclosure as such attorney‑in‑fact,

          in his or her discretion, deems necessary or desirable;

          (3)         neither the Reporting Entity nor either of such attorneys‑in‑fact

          assumes (i) any liability for the undersigned’s responsibility to comply with the

          requirements of the Exchange Act or (ii) any liability of the undersigned for any

          failure to comply with such requirements; and

          (4)         this Limited Power of Attorney does not relieve the undersigned from

          responsibility for compliance with the undersigned’s obligations under the Exchange

          Act, including without limitation the reporting requirements under Section 13 of the

          Exchange Act.

                                  The undersigned hereby gives and grants each of the foregoing

          attorneys‑in‑fact full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and

          thing whatsoever requisite, necessary or appropriate to be done in and about the

          foregoing matters as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or

          could do if present, hereby ratifying all that each such attorney‑in‑fact of, for and

          on behalf of the undersigned, shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of this

          Limited Power of Attorney.

                                  This Limited Power of Attorney shall remain in full force and effect

          until revoked by the undersigned in a signed writing delivered to each such

          attorney‑in‑fact. 

 

          IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has caused this Limited Power of Attorney to be

          executed as of this         25th         day of      April         , 2007

 

                                                                                                                        /s/ Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

                                                                                                                        Signature 

 

                                                                                                                        Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

                                                                                                                        Print Name

 

 


 
 

 

      CUSIP NO. 38000Q102                           13G                            Page 14 of 14

 

          EXHIBIT C

 

          Franklin Advisers, Inc.                                     Item 3 Classification: 3(e)