msci-10k_20181231.htm

                                                                                                                                        

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

 

(Mark One)

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

 

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___________ to ___________

Commission file number 001-33812

 

MSCI INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

Delaware

 

13-4038723

(State or Other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

 

7 World Trade Center

250 Greenwich Street, 49th Floor

New York, New York 10007

(Address of Principal Executive Offices, zip code)

(212) 804-3900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of Each Class

 

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

 

New York Stock Exchange

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    YES       NO  

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    YES       NO  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    YES       NO  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    YES       NO  

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer

 

  

Accelerated filer

 

 

 

 

 

Non-accelerated filer

 

  

  

Smaller Reporting Company

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emerging growth company

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     YES       NO  

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on the closing price of these securities as reported by The New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2018) was $14,368,769,114. Shares of Common Stock held by executive officers and directors of the registrant are not included in the computation. However, the registrant has made no determination that such individuals are “affiliates” within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933.

As of February 15, 2019, there were 84,323,295 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, to be held on April 25, 2019, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

 

 


MSCI INC.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PART I

 

 

Item 1.

 

Business

 

1

Item 1A.

 

Risk Factors

 

14

Item 1B.

 

Unresolved Staff Comments

 

32

Item 2.

 

Properties

 

33

Item 3.

 

Legal Proceedings

 

33

Item 4.

 

Mine Safety Disclosures

 

33

 

 

 

 

 

PART II

 

 

Item 5.

 

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

34

Item 6.

 

Selected Financial Data

 

37

Item 7.

 

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 

40

Item 7A.

 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 

71

Item 8.

 

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 

72

Item 9.

 

Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 

72

Item 9A.

 

Controls and Procedures

 

72

Item 9B.

 

Other Information

 

73

 

 

 

 

 

PART III

 

 

Item 10.

 

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 

74

Item 11.

 

Executive Compensation

 

74

Item 12.

 

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 

74

Item 13.

 

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 

74

Item 14.

 

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 

74

 

 

 

 

 

PART IV

 

 

Item 15.

 

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 

75

Item 16.

 

Form 10-K Summary

 

93

 

Except as the context otherwise indicates, the terms “MSCI,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MSCI Inc. together with its subsidiaries.

 

 

 


FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

We have included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and from time to time may make in our public filings, press releases or other public statements, certain statements that constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, our management may make forward-looking statements to analysts, investors, representatives of the media and others. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and represent only MSCI’s beliefs regarding future events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.  Statements concerning our financial position, business strategy and plans or objectives for future operations are forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are, in some cases, beyond our control and that could materially affect our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Such risks and uncertainties include those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the time they are made and do not necessarily reflect our outlook at any other point in time. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or for any other reason. Therefore, readers should carefully review the risk factors set forth in other reports or documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

 

 

PART I

 

Item 1.

Business

 

Overview

 

MSCI is a leading provider of mission critical investment decision support tools and services — we power investors to make better decisions about their investment portfolios.  Our tools and services help investors better understand the drivers of risk and return and build portfolios to more effectively and efficiently achieve their investment objectives. We are able to do this by leveraging our knowledge of the global investment process and our expertise in research, data, and technology in order to deliver actionable solutions1 to our clients. We are dynamic and flexible in the delivery of our content and capabilities, such as our indexes; portfolio construction tools and risk-management services; environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) research and ratings; and real estate benchmarks, return analytics services and market insights; much of which can be accessed by our clients through multiple channels and platforms.

 

 

Professionally managed investment assets generally continue to grow at a rapid pace as global economies and markets continue to evolve, and both individuals and sovereign entities are increasing their savings. In addition to this growth, the investment industry continues to transform, as evidenced by a number of notable trends, including:

 

 

(1)

Transformation of clients’ operating models and business strategies, including an increased focus on factor and indexed investments, to address the changing competitive landscape characterized by an intense focus by investors on the drivers of risk and return, manager fee compression and industry consolidation;

 

(2)

Continuing growth of index-based investing and assets linked to exchange traded funds (“ETFs”);

 

(3)

Growing use of advanced technologies to enhance investment analytics and streamline operations;

 

(4)

Increasing outsourcing of non-core functions and vendor/supply chain consolidation; and

 

(5)

Increasing integration of ESG considerations into investment processes and products.  

 

 

1 

The term “solutions” as used throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to the usage of our products and/or services by our clients to help them achieve their specific investment objectives.

1


We are uniquely positioned to benefit from these trends and to help our clients adapt to the changing industry.  Our clients rely on us to provide consistent, scalable and integrated solutions across their entire investment process, driving more informed investment decisions and increased operational efficiency.  These solutions increasingly involve multiple areas of content or services and may also be supported by insights from our research team to help our clients understand how our tools can be utilized alone or in combination. The differentiated research insights and content embedded in our innovative tools are central to the MSCI franchise. Through the content developed in each of our operating segments — Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate — our clients gain a broad view of the global investment industry, which enables them to manage their investment objectives across multiple asset classes in an increasingly integrated manner. Our clients use the offerings from each of our operating segments to achieve a wide range of objectives:

 

 

Index and Analytics help investors define investment universes, measure performance, analyze returns, set asset allocations, construct portfolios, conduct portfolio attribution and manage risk.  Additionally, our indexes serve as a basis for index-linked investment products such as ETFs;

 

ESG’s research and ratings provide unique insights that help investors identify and measure ESG risks and opportunities; and  

 

Real Estate offers data-driven analytics and research of global and individual property markets as well as benchmarks for performance measurement.

 

We remain keenly focused on staying at the forefront of investment trends to address the evolving needs of our clients in a changing industry.  In order to most effectively serve our clients and remain differentiated from competition, we remain committed to driving a solutions-based approach, achieving service excellence, enhancing our differentiated research and content and delivering flexible, cutting-edge technology and platforms.

 

Clients

 

As a client-centric company, we offer innovative solutions to help our clients adapt to a fast-changing marketplace. As the needs of our clients change, so do our offerings.  Our clients comprise a wide spectrum of the global investment industry and include the following key client segments:

 

 

(1)

asset owners (pension funds, endowments, foundations, central banks, sovereign wealth funds, family offices and insurance companies);

 

(2)

asset managers (institutional, mutual funds, hedge funds, ETFs, insurance, private wealth, private banks and real estate investment trusts);

 

(3)

financial intermediaries (banks, broker-dealers, exchanges, custodians, trust companies and investment consultants); and

 

(4)

wealth managers (including an increasing number of “robo-advisors”).

 

The clients described above have unique investment objectives and turn to us for an integrated set of tools that help them effectively and efficiently achieve these objectives. For example:

 

 

(1)

Asset owners and, increasingly, wealth managers, are seeking to better understand the drivers of risk and return as well as the value provided by active managers (versus their passive counterparts). Additionally, they are seeking tools for model portfolio creation and to gain a complete and detailed picture of their entire portfolio. These investors include those with long time horizons who are turning to private assets, such as real estate, private equity and hedge funds, as they seek uncorrelated and above-market returns.

 

(2)

Active asset managers must enhance and explain their investment processes and strategies, and find ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors in order to attract assets and justify their fees.

 

(3)

Asset managers are increasingly developing index-based products, such as ETFs, to more efficiently implement their investment strategies and continue to attract assets.

 

(4)

Financial intermediaries, such as exchanges and broker dealers, are creating exchange-listed and over-the-counter index-based products such as futures, options, swaps and structured products to help industry participants manage investment risk and efficiently achieve their investment objectives.

2


 

(5)

Asset owners, asset managers and wealth managers are looking to integrate ESG considerations into their investment processes.

 

(6)

Clients are seeking customized solutions and high-touch support from their tools providers to help them operate more effectively and efficiently.

 

Through a combined use of the content and capabilities provided by each of our Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate operating segments, our clients are better able to achieve their multi-faceted investment objectives. See Part I, Item 1. “Business—Operating Segments” for additional information on the content, applications and services provided by each operating segment that fuel the solutions we provide to our clients.

 

As of December 31, 2018, we served over 7,000 clients across 90 countries worldwide.2  For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, revenues from our ten largest clients accounted for 28.6% and 27.8% of our total revenues, respectively. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, our largest client organization by revenue, BlackRock, accounted for 11.9% of our total revenues. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, 95.8% and 95.3%, respectively, of the revenue from BlackRock came from fees based on the assets in BlackRock’s ETFs that are based on our indexes.

 

Growth Strategy

 

Our products and services are deeply integrated in the global investment ecosystem and in our clients’ investment processes. Against the backdrop of the growing and transforming industry described above, we aim to help industry participants adapt to and thrive in the industry of the future by delivering actionable solutions. As a leading provider of mission critical content, applications and services that support the investment processes of a variety of participants in the global investment industry, we are well positioned to grow our relationships with existing clients as well as expand to new clients.  

 

Our growth is being fueled by our competitive advantages, which are helping investment institutions create sustainable business models today and into the future. These areas of competitive advantage include:

 

 

(1)

Differentiated research-enhanced content, which is grounded in our deep knowledge of the global investment process and fueled by experienced research, product development and data management teams;

 

(2)

Actionable solutions and client service excellence supported by a client coverage team that helps build and maintain strong and trusted client relationships with the senior executives and investment professionals at the world’s largest investment institutions; and

 

(3)

Flexible, scalable and cutting-edge technology that is supported by a large team of technology and data professionals, and powers content from MSCI, clients and third parties while helping our clients be more cost-effective in their own operations.

Our growth strategy is focused on a number of key initiatives that optimize the value of our integrated company and capitalize on our competitive advantages to address the changing needs of our clients and the investment industry. These strategic initiatives include:

 

 

Expand leadership in research-enhanced content. Our research-driven content plays a key role in our ability to help our clients develop relevant, global and sustainable investment strategies in an efficient manner.  We are continually developing a wide range of differentiated content and have amassed an extensive database of historical global market data, proprietary equity index data, factor models, private real estate benchmark data, risk algorithms and ESG data, all of which are critical components of our clients’ investment processes.

 

 

2 

To calculate the number of clients, we use the shipping address of the ultimate customer utilizing the product which counts affiliates, user locations, or business units within a single organization as separate clients.  If we aggregate all related clients under their respective parent entity, the number of clients would be approximately 4,000 as of December 31, 2018.

3


We take an integrated team approach to developing content across our operating segments.  Our product management, research and product development, data operations and technology and application development departments are at the center of this process.  Our content is developed by a research and product development team (“research team”) comprised of mathematicians, economists, statisticians, financial engineers and investment industry experts. Through our relationships with the world’s largest investment institutions, we monitor investment trends and their drivers globally and support instrument valuation, risk modeling, portfolio construction, portfolio attribution, asset allocation and Value at Risk (“VaR”) simulation. An important way we monitor global investment trends and their implications for our business is through direct public consultations and client advisory panels and through the forum provided by our Editorial Advisory Board (“EAB”). Our EAB meets twice a year to discuss industry and emerging trends and is comprised of senior investment professionals from around the world and senior members of our research team. We also hold consultations and regional client advisory panels that bring together a diverse group of investment leaders and practitioners.

 

We are leveraging developments in technology, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, together with a wide range of alternative data sources to enable us to develop new content more quickly and deliver content more cost-effectively. Additionally, we have integrated our research, data and technology teams, which develop content and capabilities that support our operating segments. By focusing on cross-product and cross-functional innovation, we can maximize the capabilities of each of our operating segments in order to bring greater value to our clients. We expect to grow as one integrated company through the ongoing integration of the full suite of offerings provided by each of our operating segments.  For example, we have leveraged our new global equity model (from the Analytics segment) as well as our ESG ratings research into the indexes we offer.  In addition, we have combined risk measures from the Real Estate segment with asset and portfolio level risk models from the Analytics segment to enhance our multi-asset class and Real Estate risk management offerings.  

 

 

Strengthen existing and new client relationships by providing solutions. Our global vantage point enables us to view financial markets in terms of what matters to global investors and financial institutions.  We believe our global operating footprint is a competitive advantage that enables us to tailor our coverage initiatives to better serve our clients in the markets where they operate. We consult with clients and other market participants to develop content and provide insights. Our research and product management teams seek to understand our clients’ investment processes and needs in order to generate content and design offerings that help clients understand the dimensions of performance and risk in their portfolios and make better-informed investment decisions. Our consultative approach to content development, dedication to client support and range of offerings enable us to build strong relationships with investment professionals and institutions around the world.

 

In recent years, we have realigned our global client coverage function to sharpen our focus on current clients and improve our ability to identify new prospects. We repositioned the role of the Chief Operating Officer to be more aligned with our client and go-to-market strategies.  The Chief Operating Officer currently manages our sales, marketing, client relationship management and client service teams globally with the goal of integrating our outreach to clients and prospects, sales and marketing strategy and client service. In 2018, we hired a Global Head of Client Solutions to bring integrated solutions to four of our largest client segments (asset managers, banking & trading, asset owners and alternative investment managers). Additionally, to ensure that we provide world-class service to our largest accounts, as of December 31, 2018, we have expanded the number of account managers across our largest strategic accounts.

 

In support of our clients and the continual development of our brand, our industry and content experts are interviewed as thought leaders and commentators in prominent financial and trade media and have written research pieces that have served as the basis of news articles around the investment world.  Members of our research team and other employees regularly speak at industry conferences, as well as at our own events.  These events bring our employees and clients together, expose clients to our latest research and content enhancements, enable client access to global industry experts and policymakers, and give our employees an opportunity to gain better insights into our clients’ needs.

 

4


 

Improve access to our solutions through cutting-edge technology and platforms.  Underlying all our efforts is the development and use of the latest technology to provide richer content and services and a better client experience. A flexible, cutting-edge platform greatly enhances the value of our content, as well as the content of clients and third parties. Our technology has and will continue to simplify and increase secure access to our products. We seek to provide functionality not currently available in the market that will easily be integrated within client workflows. In addition, we increasingly employ proprietary and third-party machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to scale up our ability to gather and analyze data and automate and enhance the efficiency of many of our data processes, as well as generate unique research insights that help our clients build better investment strategies. In doing so, we are not only able to operate in a more cost-effective manner as a company, but are also able to internally develop cost-effective solutions to offer clients computing capacity they have not previously been able to access.  

 

Led by our Chief Technology Officer, who was hired in 2018 to execute our technology optimization strategy across the Company, we aim to accomplish these goals in several ways:

 

 

1)

provide our clients with a flexible and user-friendly way to access our content as well as their own content and third-party content;

 

2)

develop an integrated data platform to reduce data silos and help deliver our unique set of multi-asset class data, thereby encouraging the adoption of our products by our clients across operating segments and facilitate faster product releases and increased efficiency in data processing;

 

3)

incorporate data science and robotic technology into our data collection processes to enable us to build scale while also maintaining the highest quality standards;

 

4)

enhance our technology infrastructure, maintaining an emphasis on cybersecurity, to ensure that our clients can continue to access our evolving products and services securely;

 

5)

continue to invest in technology platforms and applications to provide scalable solutions for the processing of large volumes of asset and portfolio data; and

 

6)

migrate to cloud services to create a flexible infrastructure that provides on-demand capacity and elasticity and will provide a foundation for the next level of growth and increased resiliency.

 

Expand value-added service offerings. Continued pressure on management fees is causing our clients to look for ways to become more operationally efficient. Our managed services include end-to-end services that aim to assist clients with meeting operational and regulatory requirements by providing a convenient and cost-effective way to outsource data processing and reporting. Our clients’ outsourcing of these functions to our data management professionals enables them to focus more on value-added work such as risk budgeting, asset allocation, manager selection and monitoring. Our end-to-end services include consolidation of data from various sources, data reconciliation analysis, uploading of data into our risk and portfolio management applications, identification of data anomalies and customized client reporting.  We continue to improve each of these services and provide new services that will be designed to make our clients’ operations and use of our offerings more efficient.

 

 

Execute strategic relationships and acquisitions with complementary content and technology companies.  We regularly evaluate and selectively pursue strategic relationships with, and acquisitions of, providers of unique and differentiated content, products and technologies that we believe have the potential to complement, enhance or expand our offerings and client base, as well as improve our ability to provide mission critical content, applications and services to enhance the investment decision processes of investment institutions, and the intermediaries that serve such institutions.  In order to drive value, we target acquisitions and strategic relationships that can be efficiently integrated into our existing operational structure and global sales network.

 

Operating Segments

 

As the investment industry becomes more global and investors become increasingly focused on multi-asset class portfolios, we are well positioned to help our clients achieve their investment objectives by delivering a more comprehensive analysis of their investment strategies using the content, applications and services across our four

5


operating segments—Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate.  Because the ESG and Real Estate operating segments do not meet segment disclosure reporting thresholds, ESG and Real Estate are combined and presented as All Other for reporting purposes.

 

Our principal business model is generally to license annual, recurring subscriptions for the majority of our Index, Analytics and ESG products and services for a fee due in advance of the service period. We also license annual recurring subscriptions for the majority of our Real Estate products for a fee which is primarily paid in arrears after the product is delivered, with the exception of the Market Information product for which the fees are generally paid in advance. A portion of our fees also come from clients who use our indexes as the basis for index-linked investment products.  Such fees are primarily based on assets under management (“AUM”).  See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview” and Note 1, “Introduction and Basis of Presentation—Significant Accounting PoliciesRevenue Recognition,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information on how we generate revenue and our revenue recognition policy.

 

Index

 

Clients use our indexes in many areas of the investment process, including index-linked product creation and performance benchmarking, as well as portfolio construction and rebalancing, and asset allocation. We currently calculate more than 215,5003 end-of-day indexes daily and more than 11,500 indexes in real time for a variety of markets and industries. Clients receive data directly from us or from third-party providers of financial information worldwide. In addition, we use content generated by our Analytics and ESG segments to help construct some of our equity indexes, including some with the highest revenue growth rates.  Products in our Index segment include:

 

 

MSCI Global Equity Indexes. MSCI Global Equity Indexes are designed to measure returns across a wide variety of equity markets (e.g., World, EAFE, Emerging Markets, USA, Europe, Japan), size segments (e.g., Large, Mid and Small capitalization), sectors (e.g., Utilities, Financials) and industries (e.g., Banks, Media). As of December 31, 2018, we calculated indexes that covered more than 80 countries in developed, emerging, frontier and standalone markets, as well as various regional indexes built from the component country indexes. These indexes include the MSCI ACWI IMI, MSCI World, MSCI EAFE, MSCI Emerging Markets and MSCI USA Indexes. We believe that MSCI Global Equity Indexes are the most widely used benchmarks by cross-border equity investors. A large number of asset owners use the MSCI ACWI IMI Indexes or their component parts as the asset allocation benchmark for their equity portfolios.

 

 

MSCI Custom Indexes. We currently calculate more than 12,000 custom indexes by applying a client’s criteria to an existing MSCI index. Examples of customization criteria include stock exclusions, currency hedging, tax rates, or special weighting. Custom indexes can reflect specific investment criteria, such as socially responsible investment requirements or regulatory constraints. They can be used for back-testing strategies, developing investment products, minimizing portfolio tracking error or constructing index-linked products.  In certain cases, we design an index methodology to reflect a client’s investment strategy, then brand the index under the client’s name.  In other cases, we license an index to a client to use as a starting point to reflect its investment strategy within its own proprietary index.

 

3 

The number of indexes takes into consideration different currency and return versions (e.g., price, net and gross returns).

6


 

 

MSCI Factor Indexes. MSCI Factor Indexes, which are built using the Barra Equity Models created in our Analytics segment, seek to address a growing trend among institutional investors and asset managers whose investment processes include allocation to systematic risk factors.  MSCI Factor Indexes reflect components of equity returns that can be attributed to factors such as Volatility, Yield, Value, Quality, Size and Momentum. We offer a broad suite of factor indexes that have been developed using the expertise of our Analytics segment, including high-exposure factor indexes (e.g., the MSCI Minimum Volatility Index), high capacity factor indexes (e.g., MSCI Value Weighted Indexes), combinations of single-factor indexes (e.g., MSCI Factor Mix A-Series Indexes) and multi-factor indexes (e.g., MSCI Diversified Multiple-Factor Indexes). Clients benefit from a consistent modeling framework across Factor Indexes and the Analytics segment’s offerings using Barra Equity Models in portfolio construction, risk management and performance attribution tools.

 

 

MSCI ESG Indexes. MSCI ESG Indexes, which are constructed using research from our ESG segment, are designed to meet the growing demand for indexes that integrate ESG criteria into portfolio construction.  Investors that wish to measure performance across various aspects of Environmental (e.g., climate change), Social (e.g., human capital) and Governance (e.g., corporate governance) metrics can use these benchmarks to inform a long-term sustainable investment view. They enable clients to benchmark the performance of ESG portfolios, to monitor compliance with ESG mandates and serve as the basis for index-based ESG investment products and portfolios. The MSCI ESG Indexes include:

 

 

o

ESG Integration Indexes that are designed to help investors incorporate ESG criteria into their core asset allocation and investment process. These include the MSCI ESG Universal Indexes (e.g., MSCI ACWI ESG Universal Index) or MSCI ESG Leaders Indexes (e.g., MSCI USA ESG Leaders Index), which use MSCI ESG Ratings to identify companies that have demonstrated an ability to manage their ESG risks and opportunities;

 

o

Values-based Indexes that include companies with the highest ESG Ratings but also exclude companies based on certain values, norms or ethical standards. These include the broad MSCI SRI Indexes, the KLD 400 Social Index as well as Values-based Indexes focused on specific themes (e.g., MSCI World ex-Tobacco Involvement Index);

 

o

Environmental Indexes, including Low Carbon Target Indexes, Global Environment Indexes, and Fossil Fuels Exclusion Indexes that include investors aiming to reduce their carbon exposure or capture opportunities in renewable energy and clean technology;

 

o

Impact Indexes, such as the Sustainable Impact Indexes, that include companies that derive revenues from products and services that address environmental and social challenges aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations; and

 

o

Custom ESG indexes based on client-defined ESG specifications.

 

 

MSCI Real Assets Indexes. MSCI Real Assets Indexes provide investors with transparency and insight into this asset class. MSCI’s Real Assets Indexes include MSCI Real Estate Indexes (e.g., MSCI US REIT Index; MSCI Sector/Core/Factor/Liquid Real Estate Indexes), MSCI Infrastructure Indexes, MSCI Agriculture Producers Indexes, MSCI Timber Select Index, MSCI Commodity Producers Indexes and MSCI Natural Resources Indexes.

 

 

Global Industry Classification Standard (“GICS”®). GICS and GICS Direct were developed and are maintained jointly by MSCI and Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC, a subsidiary of S&P Global Inc. (“Standard & Poor’s”). This classification system was designed to respond to clients’ needs for a comprehensive, consistent and accurate framework for classifying companies into industries. GICS is widely accepted as an industry analysis framework for investment research, portfolio management and asset allocation. GICS Direct is a database comprised of active companies and securities classified by sector, industry group, industry and sub-industry in accordance with the proprietary GICS methodology. The MSCI US and Global Sector Indexes are comprised of GICS sector, industry group, and industry indexes across countries and regions in Developed, Emerging and select Frontier markets. The MSCI Global Sector Indexes provide a global structure for benchmarking sectors and can also serve as the basis for index-linked structured products and other investment vehicles, such as ETFs and exchange traded notes.

7


 

 

Thematic Indexes.  In 2018, MSCI launched thematic indexes to reflect the performance of various broad investment themes. These indexes allow investors to identify specific social, economic, industrial, environmental or demographic trends and their long-term secular, cyclical and structural influences on the world’s economies and markets.  These indexes include:

 

 

o

MSCI Ageing Society Opportunities Index that aims to represent the performance of companies that cater to the health, recreation and lifestyle needs of the older population;

 

o

MSCI Robotics Index that aims to represent the performance of companies that potentially stand to benefit from increased adoption and utilization of robots and automation;

 

o

MSCI Cybersecurity Index that aims to represent the performance of companies that potentially stand to benefit from increased investment in systems, products and services that provide protection against cyberattacks; and

 

o

MSCI Efficient Energy Index that aims to represent the performance of companies that are in the business of offering products and services that promote power generation using renewable sources.

 

Analytics

 

Our Analytics segment offers risk management, performance attribution and portfolio management content, applications and services that provide clients with an integrated view of risk and return and an analysis of market, credit, liquidity and counterparty risk across all major asset classes, spanning short, medium and long-term time horizons.  Our offerings also support clients’ various regulatory reporting needs.

 

The content we create in our Analytics segment includes models to support factor-based analytics (equity, fixed income and multi-asset class models), pricing models, time series-based analytics, as well as underlying content that is used as inputs to these models such as interest rate and credit curves.  We continue to develop new and improved content in response to the evolving needs of our clients.  For example, our new fixed income factor model (FI400) has been combined with models that cover currencies, commodities, equities, mutual funds, hedge funds and private assets – private real estate and private equity – to deliver our next generation multi-asset class factor model (the MSCI Multi-Asset Class (“MAC”) Factor Model) providing clients with greater insights into the drivers of risk in their portfolios.  Our Analytics content includes:

 

 

Equity Factor Models. The proprietary risk data in Barra Equity Models provides clients with a better understanding of their sources of risk and return and a factor structure that is aligned to multiple investment horizons, which enables them to select the risk data that best suits their investment style. Barra Equity Models include Barra Global Total Market Models, Barra Regional Equity Models and Barra Single Country Models. In 2018, we launched our new European Equity Model that allows clients to attribute portfolio performance to ESG exposures. Barra Equity Models are available through our applications, third-party applications and directly to clients for integration into their own applications. In addition, we use Barra Equity Models in our Index segment to construct MSCI Factor Indexes.

 

Fixed Income Factor Models. Our Fixed Income Factor Models are used by clients for portfolio construction, risk management, and performance attribution in fixed income portfolios.  FI400 incorporates Duration Times Spread (“DTS”) factors as forward-looking indicators of risk; country-specific spreads for Eurozone sovereign bonds; and broad coverage of cash bonds, derivatives, and securitized products across developed and emerging markets. Our Fixed Income Factor Models are fully integrated into our MAC Factor Models, and are available through our applications, and directly to clients for integration into their own applications.

 

 

Multi-Asset Class Factor Models. Our MAC Models provide a detailed view of risk across markets and asset classes, including currencies, equities, fixed income, commodities, mutual funds, hedge funds and private assets, including private real estate (for which we use content from our Real Estate segment) and private equity investments. The process of creating our MAC Models begins by identifying the factors that affect the returns of various asset classes. These factors are then combined into a single global model that forecasts the risk of multi-asset class global portfolios. MAC Models include the Barra Integrated Model (“BIM”) as well as the next generation MSCI MAC Factor Model which, among other enhancements,

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leverages FI400. The MSCI MAC Factor Model is available through our applications and directly to clients for integration into their own applications.

 

 

Multi-Asset Class Risk Analytics. Our MAC Risk Analytics provide a full suite of single security and portfolio level analyses used by clients to measure and attribute risk in multi-asset class portfolios. MAC Risk Analytics include pricing models, sensitivities, stress testing, liquidity risk analytics, and a comprehensive set of configurable statistical risk measures such as standard deviation, tracking error, correlations and VaR.  

 

 

Performance Analytics. Our Performance Analytics enable clients to measure and attribute ex-post performance and risk using a framework consistent with our ex-ante risk analytics.  We offer dedicated equity factor-based, fixed income, and Brinson-based multi-asset class models which provide granular and flexible return decomposition on portfolios and benchmarks.   We also offer a multi-portfolio attribution model geared toward asset allocators and plan sponsors.

 

Our clients access our Analytics content through our own proprietary applications and application programming interfaces, or through third-party applications or directly on their own platforms.  MSCI Analytics applications provide clients with integrated market data and constituent-level indexes aggregated from multiple third-party and proprietary sources. This integrated market and benchmark data significantly reduces the operational burden on clients for both the implementation and on-going operation of our Analytics products.

 

Our major applications include the following:

 

 

RiskMetrics RiskManager. We believe that RiskMetrics RiskManager is an industry leader in VaR simulation and in stress testing. Clients use RiskManager for daily analysis, measuring and monitoring of market and liquidity risk at fund and firm levels, sensitivity and stress testing, interactive what-if analysis, counterparty credit exposure and regulatory risk reporting. RiskManager is a scalable platform accessed by clients via a license to a secure, interactive web-based application service. RiskManager is also offered as an outsourced risk reporting service.

 

 

BarraOne. BarraOne, powered by our MAC Models and BIM, provides clients with global, multi-asset class risk analysis using Barra’s fundamental factor methodology originally developed in 1975 that allows clients to understand the themes driving the risk and performance of their investments. These themes (e.g., Value, Momentum, etc.) are called “Factors.” BarraOne also includes VaR simulation, stress testing and optimization modules that enable clients to manage multi-asset class portfolios, carry out risk budgeting and asset allocation, manager monitoring and performance attribution.

 

 

Barra Portfolio Manager. Barra Portfolio Manager, powered by Barra Equity Models, is an integrated risk and performance platform that is designed to help equity fund managers and their teams gain additional portfolio insight, manage their investment processes more systematically and make faster, more informed investment decisions. The hosted interactive user interface allows users to analyze risk and return, conduct pre-trade what-if analysis across a number of scenarios and construct portfolios using the Barra Optimizer. We also offer many of the benefits of this hosted platform in a locally hosted solution called Barra Aegis.

 

 

WealthBench and CreditManager.  Wealthbench is a web-based platform used by private banks, financial advisers, brokerages and trust companies to help wealth managers assess portfolio risk, construct asset allocation policy and create comprehensive client proposals.  CreditManager is a portfolio credit risk management system used primarily by banks to calculate economic capital, facilitate risk-based pricing and measure credit risk concentrations.

 

 

MSCI Analytics Platform.  In recent years, we have made significant investments in developing a new MSCI Analytics Platform that will provide clients with a more unified approach for using our content and applications to solve their investment problems. The MSCI Analytics Platform seeks to provide a more holistic client experience by providing better reporting and visualization tools and direct access to capabilities and content currently available through our other Analytics applications, as well as content

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from other operating segments. In 2018, for example, ESG content was fully integrated into and made available through our MSCI Analytics Platform in response to demand from institutional managers who are looking for ways to integrate ESG into their investment processes.

 

Our Analytics segment also provides various managed services to help clients operate more efficiently as well as address the needs of certain specialized areas of the investment community by providing a reporting service and performance reporting tools to institutional consultants and investors in hedge funds.

 

 

Managed Services.  As described in Part I, Item 1. “Business—Growth Strategy,” we have, and continue to expand our, capabilities to deliver new workflow solutions and data services to our clients to enable them to operate more efficiently. Our services include consolidation of client portfolio data from various sources, data reconciliation analysis, uploading of data into our risk and portfolio management applications, review of results and identification of data anomalies and customized reporting.  Our Managed Services lower our clients’ internal cost of doing business by allowing clients to focus on value-added work, enabling faster implementations and making the use of our products more efficient.

 

 

HedgePlatform. HedgePlatform, is a reporting service that allows clients who invest in hedge funds, including funds of funds, pension funds and endowments, to measure, evaluate and monitor the risk of their hedge fund investments across multiple hedge fund strategies. We collect position-level information from hedge funds on a monthly basis and provide clients with risk information for each individual hedge fund in which they invest as well as aggregate risk information for their overall portfolio of hedge funds. Clients who use RiskManager to measure the risk of their own holdings can further integrate the positions collected via our HedgePlatform service to allow computation of risk across their entire portfolio, while the confidential and proprietary nature of the underlying hedge fund holdings is maintained.

 

All Other ESG

 

MSCI ESG Research analyzes over 7,8004 companies worldwide to help institutional investors understand how environmental, social and governance factors can impact the long-term risk of their investments. Subscribers to MSCI ESG Research include global asset managers, leading asset owners, consultants, advisers and academics.

 

In addition, MSCI ESG Research data and ratings are used in the construction of equity and fixed income indexes to help institutional investors more effectively benchmark ESG investment performance, issue index-based investment products, as well as manage, measure and report on ESG mandates.  Additionally, the data and ratings produced by MSCI ESG Research are made available on most applications offered by our Analytics segment.

 

MSCI’s ESG offerings include:

 

 

MSCI ESG Ratings. MSCI ESG Ratings are designed to identify ESG risks or opportunities that may not be captured through conventional analyses. This includes ratings of equity issuers and fixed income securities, including corporate, sovereign and other government related bonds. Ratings are designed to identify and analyze ESG issues, including exposures (e.g., business segment and geographic risk), management and industry-specific measures that may include the intersection of a company’s major social and environmental impacts with its core business operations, thereby identifying potential risks and opportunities for the company and its investors.  

 

 

MSCI ESG Business Involvement Screening Research. MSCI ESG Business Involvement Screening Research is a screening service that enables institutional investors to manage ESG standards and restrictions reliably and efficiently. Asset managers, investment advisers and asset owners can access screening research through the online MSCI ESG Manager platform or a data feed to satisfy their clients’ investment guidelines, implement client mandates and manage potential ESG portfolio risks.

 

4 

Does not include subsidiary-level companies.

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All Other – Real Estate

 

Our Real Estate segment includes research, reporting, market data and benchmarking offerings that provide real estate performance analytics for funds, investors and managers. Our Real Estate performance and risk analytics range from enterprise-wide to property-specific analysis. Some of the risk analysis generated in the Real Estate segment is also used in the products offered by our other operating segments. For example, the MAC models created in our Analytics segment offers a view of risk across market and asset classes, including private real estate, by incorporating content generated in the Real Estate segment. We also provide business intelligence to real estate owners, managers, developers and brokers worldwide.  Real Estate offerings include:

 

 

MSCI Enterprise Analytics.  MSCI Enterprise Analytics is an interactive application that offers a single integrated analysis to private real estate investors and managers, providing them with the ability to evaluate and analyze the drivers of portfolio performance across an organizations’ investments, as well as review exposures and concentrations across markets, asset types and increasingly diverse portfolios.  

 

 

MSCI Global Intel.  MSCI Global Intel is a leading database that equips asset owners, researchers, strategists and portfolio and risk managers with data analytics to enhance their understanding of local, regional and global real estate performance and risks. The tool comprises a consolidated set of global, regional, national, city and submarket indexes with segmentation by property type.  It also allows users to generate tailored analyses through MSCI Global Intel PLUS with custom filters on asset specific characteristics such as property type, location and risk profile to create the appropriate comparisons that are essential to managing performance and risk.

 

 

MSCI Income Risk Service (“MSCI IRIS”). For real estate investors who need to manage and report on the specific risk of their real estate portfolios and assets, MSCI IRIS measures the income risk factors that drive future return volatility. MSCI IRIS provides investors with transparency on the lease duration, market risk, counterparty credit risk and income concentration risk relative to the markets in which they compete. The tool offers actionable insights into portfolio resilience and sources of risk to inform strategic review, asset management and lease restructuring decisions.

 

Geographic Information

 

We currently have branches or subsidiaries in the following locations: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates and the U.S. See Note 12, “Segment Information,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our revenues and certain assets by geographic area.

 

Competition

 

Many industry participants compete with us by offering one or more indexes in similar categories. Such indexes vary widely in scope, including by geographic region, business sector and risk category and may be used by clients in a variety of ways in many different markets around the world.  A number of these markets have become increasingly competitive in recent years.

 

Among our Index competitors are S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC (a joint venture company owned by CME Group, Inc. and CME Group Services LLC and by S&P Global Inc.) and FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group PLC.

 

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There is also growing competition from industry participants, including asset managers and investment banks, that create their own indexes, often in cooperation with index providers such as Solactive, which may, among other things, provide some form of calculation agent service. Asset managers, such as WisdomTree and Goldman Sachs Asset Management, manage funds, including ETFs, based on their own proprietary indexes, and many investment banks have launched structured products or created over-the-counter derivatives based on their own proprietary indexes.  This is often referred to as self-indexing.

 

Our Analytics offerings compete with offerings from a range of competitors, including Axioma, Inc., BlackRock Solutions, Bloomberg Finance L.P., and FactSet Research Systems Inc.  Additionally, some of the larger broker-dealers have developed proprietary analytics tools for their clients. Similarly, some of the large global investment organizations, such as custodians, have developed internal risk management and performance analytics tools that they offer to their clients.

 

We also have a variety of competitors for our other offerings that comprise a smaller portion of our revenues.

 

Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights

 

We consider many aspects of our offerings, processes and services to be proprietary. We have registered “MSCI,” among other marks, as trademarks or service marks in the United States and in certain foreign countries. We will continue to evaluate the registration of additional trademarks, service marks and copyrights as appropriate. From time to time, we also file patent applications to protect our proprietary rights. Additionally, many of our offerings, processes and services require the use of intellectual property obtained from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our offerings and services.

 

Although we believe the ownership of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, the implementation of certain measures to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights and our ability to obtain the rights to use intellectual property of third parties are important to our business and contribute in part to our overall success, we do not believe we are dependent on any one of our intellectual property rights or any one license to use third-party intellectual property. For a description of the risks associated with legal protection of our intellectual property and other rights, infringement claims and the ability to obtain or renew licenses for third-party intellectual property, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors below.

 

Employees

 

We had 3,112 and 3,038 employees as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, 61.4% and 59.0% of our employees, respectively, were located in emerging market centers.  As of December 31, 2018 our employees were based in 21 countries in order to maintain close contact with our clients and the international markets we follow.

 

Government Regulation

 

The Company is subject to reporting, disclosure and recordkeeping obligations pursuant to SEC requirements. Pursuant to the European Union’s benchmark regulation, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“UK FCA”) authorized MSCI Limited (a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.) to be the benchmark administrator for all MSCI equity indexes on March 5, 2018.  The Company is currently implementing the EU benchmark regulation for a limited set of the UK MSCI private real estate indexes. Information about index regulation is periodically updated on our website at https://www.msci.com/index-regulation.  The contents of our website, including this webpage, are not, however, a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

MSCI ESG Research is a registered investment adviser and must comply with the requirements of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) and related SEC regulations. Such requirements relate to, among other things, disclosure obligations, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, marketing restrictions and general anti-fraud prohibitions. It is possible that in addition to MSCI ESG Research and certain of its subsidiaries, other entities in our corporate family may be required to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act or comply with similar laws or requirements in states or foreign jurisdictions.  We registered in 2012 with the State Council Information Office of the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce

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in China as a foreign institution supplying financial information services in China. This license is currently administered by the Cyberspace Administration of China.  For a description of the risks associated with government regulation, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” below.

 

 

 

 

 

Executive Officers of the Registrant

 

Name

  

Age

  

Position

Henry A. Fernandez

  

60

  

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

C.D. Baer Pettit

  

54

  

President

Kathleen A. Winters

  

51

  

Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Laurent Seyer

  

54

  

Chief Operating Officer and Chief Client Officer

Scott A. Crum

  

62

  

Chief Human Resources Officer

 

There are no family relationships between any of our executive officers and any director or other executive officer of the Company.

Henry A. Fernandez

Mr. Fernandez has served as Chairman since October 2007 and as Chief Executive Officer and a director since 1998. He also served as President from 1998 until October 2017. Before leading MSCI’s transition to becoming a fully independent, standalone public company in 2009, he was a Managing Director at Morgan Stanley, where he worked in emerging markets product strategy, equity derivative sales and trading, mergers and acquisitions, worldwide corporate finance and mortgage finance for U.S. financial institutions. Mr. Fernandez worked for Morgan Stanley from 1983 to 1991 and from 1994 to 2009. Mr. Fernandez also serves on the boards of directors/trustees of Stanford University, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Foreign Policy Association, and Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York. Mr. Fernandez is the former Chair of the Advisory Council of the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in economics from Georgetown University, an M.B.A. from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and pursued doctoral studies in economics at Princeton University.

C.D. Baer Pettit

Mr. Pettit has served as the Company's President since October 2017. As President, Mr. Pettit oversees the Company's business functions, including client coverage, marketing, product management, research and product development, technology and operations. He previously served as Chief Operating Officer from 2015 to 2017, Head of the Product Group from February 2015 to September 2015, Head of Index Products from 2011 to 2015, Head of Marketing from 2005 to 2012 and Head of Client Coverage from 2001 to 2012. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Pettit worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 1992 to 1999. Mr. Pettit holds a Master of Arts degree in history from Cambridge University and a Master of Science degree from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

Kathleen A. Winters

Ms. Winters has served as the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since May 2016. Prior to joining MSCI, Ms. Winters served as the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Performance Materials and Technologies, an operating segment of Honeywell International, Inc. (“Honeywell”) from 2012 to 2016. She served in various positions of increasing responsibility at Honeywell from 2002 to 2016, including Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer, Vice President of Business Analysis and Planning, and Chief Financial Officer of the Specialty Products business group. Ms. Winters began her career at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”) where she served in various positions from 1989 to 2001 within the Technology Information Communications and Entertainment practice. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from Boston College.

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Laurent Seyer

Mr. Seyer has served as the Company's Chief Operating Officer since October 2017 and Chief Client Officer since 2016. As Chief Operating Officer and Chief Client Officer, Mr. Seyer manages the Company's sales, marketing, client relationship management and client service teams globally. He previously served as the Global Head of Client Coverage from 2014 to 2016. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Seyer worked for AXA Investment Managers in Paris, most recently as Global Head of the Client Group. Prior to that, he spent 24 years at Societe Generale in a number of leadership positions, including as CEO of Lyxor Asset Management. Mr. Seyer graduated from Institut d'Etudes Politiques of Paris, where he studied law and economics.

Scott A. Crum

Mr. Crum has served as the Chief Human Resources Officer since April 2014. Prior to joining MSCI, Mr. Crum served as global head of human resources for four publicly traded companies. Mr. Crum worked for Avon Products, Inc. as Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Chief People Officer from 2012 to 2013. From 2010 to 2012, Mr. Crum served as Senior Vice President and Chief People Officer of Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc., one of two publicly traded companies formally created when Motorola Inc. split in January 2011 until it was acquired by Google. Prior to that, he served as the Senior Vice President and Director of Human Resources of ITT Corporation from 2002 to 2010 and Senior Vice President of Administration and Employee Resources at General Instruments Corp. from 1997 to 2000. Mr. Crum holds a Bachelor of Business Administration with a concentration in industrial relations from Southern Methodist University.

Available Information

Our corporate headquarters is located at 7 World Trade Center, 250 Greenwich Street, 49th Floor, New York, New York, 10007, and our telephone number is (212) 804-3900. We maintain a website on the internet at www.msci.com. The contents of our website are not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. We also make available free of charge, on or through our website, these reports, proxy statements and other information as soon as reasonably practicable following the time they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. To access these, click on the “SEC Filings” link found on our Investor Relations homepage (http://ir.msci.com).

We also use our Investor Relations homepage and corporate Twitter account (@MSCI_Inc) as channels of distribution of Company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material.

Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about us when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Email Alert Subscription” section of our Investor Relations homepage at http://ir.msci.com/alerts.cfm. The contents of our website, including our Investor Relations homepage, and social media channels are not, however, a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. You should read the section titled “Forward-Looking Statements” on page 1 for a description of the types of statements that are considered forward-looking statements, as well as the significance of such statements in the context of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

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Risks Related to Our Business

We are dependent on third parties to supply data and software for our products and are dependent on certain vendors to distribute our data. A refusal by a key vendor to distribute our data or any loss of key outside suppliers of data or software products or reduction in the accuracy or quality of such data or products or any failure by us to comply with our vendors’ licensing requirements could impair our ability to provide our clients with the data, products or services they desire, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on the accuracy and quality of third-party data and software products and depend on the ability and willingness of third-party data and software providers to deliver and support reliable products, enhance their current products, develop new products on a timely and cost-effective basis, and respond to emerging industry standards and other technological changes to produce and deliver our products, provide services and develop new products and services. Additionally, we rely on certain third-party vendors to distribute our data to clients. While some of our vendors generate revenue in connection with distributing our data, others do not derive a direct financial benefit.  Should any of our key vendors refuse to distribute our data for any reason, we would need to find alternative ways to distribute our data, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If the data and software products from our suppliers have errors, are delayed, have design defects, become incompatible with future versions of our products, are unavailable on acceptable terms or are not available at all, we may not be able to deliver our products and services and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As of December 31, 2018, we relied on the data of over 200 suppliers, including large volumes of data from certain stock exchanges around the world.

Many of our data and software suppliers compete with one another and, in some cases, with us.  Some of our agreements with data suppliers allow them to cancel on short notice and we have not completed formal agreements with all of our data suppliers, such as certain stock exchanges. From time to time we receive notices from data suppliers, including stock exchanges, threatening to terminate the provision of their data to us, and some data suppliers, including at least one stock exchange, have terminated the provision of their data to us. Termination of the provision of data by one or more of our significant data suppliers or exclusion from, or restricted use of, or litigation in connection with a data provider’s information could decrease the information available for us to use (and offer our clients) and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Although data suppliers and stock exchanges typically benefit from providing broad access to their data, some of our competitors could enter into exclusive contracts with our data suppliers, including with certain stock exchanges. If our competitors enter into such exclusive contracts, we may be precluded from receiving certain data from these suppliers or restricted in our use of such data, which would give our competitors a competitive advantage. Such exclusive contracts could hinder our ability to provide our clients with the data they prefer, which could lead to a decrease in our client base and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We also monitor our use of third-party data and software products to comply with applicable licensing requirements. Despite our efforts, our use of certain third-party data and software products has been challenged in the past and there can be no assurance that such third parties may not challenge our use in the future, resulting in increased data acquisition or software costs, loss of rights and/or costly legal actions. Our business could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to timely or effectively replace the functionality provided by data or software that becomes unavailable or fails to operate effectively for any reason. Our operating costs could increase if license fees for third-party data or software products increase or the efforts to incorporate enhancements to third-party or other data or software are substantial and we are unable to negotiate acceptable licensing arrangements with these suppliers or find alternative sources of equivalent data or software products. If any of these risks materialize, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Our clients that pay us a fee based on the assets of an index-linked investment product may seek to negotiate a lower asset-based fee percentage or lower the total expense ratio of such products or may cease using our indexes, which could limit the growth of or decrease our revenues from asset-based fees.

A portion of our revenues are from asset-based fees and these revenue streams are concentrated in some of our largest clients, including BlackRock, and in our largest market, the U.S. Our clients, including our largest clients, may seek to negotiate a lower asset-based fee percentage for a variety of reasons. As the assets of index-linked investment products, including ETFs, mutual funds and institutional accounts, managed by our clients change, they may request to pay us lower asset-based fee percentages, which are sometimes calculated as a percentage of the relevant product’s total expense ratio (“TER”). Additionally, competition is intense and increasing rapidly among our clients that provide index-linked investment products, including ETFs. The fees providers of index-linked investment products charge their clients are one of the competitive differentiators for these managers with some providers seeking to win or retain business by charging their clients lower fees. As noted above, in many cases our fees can be affected by an increase or decrease in an investment product’s TER. A reduction in the TER or an elimination of TER may negatively impact our revenues.  Additionally, our clients, including our largest clients, may seek to lower or eliminate AUM floors (i.e., minimum asset-based fee percentages) or impose or lower AUM ceilings (i.e., maximum asset-based fee percentages). Such changes in our fee structure could individually, or in the aggregate, negatively impact our revenues.  

Moreover, clients that have licensed our indexes to serve as the basis of index-linked investment products are generally not required to continue to use our indexes and could elect to cease offering the product or switch to a lower fee index.  For example, at least one large client ceased using MSCI indexes as the basis for a significant number of its index funds. Additionally, clients that license our indexes to serve as the basis for listed futures and options contracts might discontinue such contracts.  We have a differentiated licensing strategy for our indexes and from time to time experience faster growth in lower fee product areas, resulting in a lower average asset-based fee percentage for licensing our indexes. While we look to maximize the price and volume trade-off over the long-term, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in the future.  Results for any given quarter could be materially adversely affected by stronger growth in AUM in index-linked investment products with lower than average product fees not sufficiently offset by growth in AUM in index-linked investment products in higher than average product fees. In the instances described above, our asset-based fees could dramatically decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Finally, to the extent that an asset manager finds it beneficial to offer clients multiple kinds of index-linked investment products based on the same indexes, a shift away from use of an index as the basis of one type of product may lead to a corresponding shift away from the use of the same index as the basis of another type of product.

If we are required to offer clients materially lower asset-based fee percentages with respect to index-linked investment products that generate fees based on the assets of such products or our largest clients cease to use our indexes, our revenues could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business may be affected by changes in the capital markets, particularly the equity capital markets, and is dependent on our clients’ continued investment in equity securities as well as the measurement of the performance of their equity investment against equity benchmarks.  If investment in equity markets declines, revenue attributable to our clients’ use of our indexes or Analytics products could decrease which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenues comes from our products that are focused on various aspects of managing or monitoring equity portfolios. Our equity indexes serve as equity benchmarks against which our clients can measure the performance of their investments and are also used by clients as the basis for certain index-linked investment products, such as ETFs and mutual funds, for a fee based on the value of the investment product’s assets. The value of an investment product’s assets may increase or decrease in response to changes in market performance and cash inflows and outflows, which could impact our revenues. For example, cash inflows into an ETF may be offset by a decline in the performance of the ETF and vice versa. Asset-based fees accounted for 23.5% and 21.7% of revenues for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These asset-based fees accounted

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for 56.1% and 55.5% of the total revenues from our ten largest clients for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  

Our Analytics segment offers performance attribution and portfolio management content, applications and services that provide clients with an integrated view of risk and return of their equity portfolios. Additionally, equity models developed in our Analytics segment are used to construct MSCI Factor Indexes. A move away from equity investing could decrease demand for such products.

Volatile capital markets, which may impact whether investors choose to invest in developed or emerging markets, or in the U.S. or non-U.S. markets, as well as changing investment styles, among other factors, may influence an investor’s decision to invest in and maintain an investment in an index-linked investment product or lead clients to significantly deemphasize equity securities in their investment strategies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If clients decide to measure performance on an absolute return basis instead of against an equity benchmark, the demand for our equity indexes could decrease. While we offer products and services to both active and passive investment managers, an economic trend that significantly favors active investment could lead to decreased demand for index-linked investment products or equity based investment strategies, which could decrease our revenues.  Accordingly, the value of assets in index-linked investment products can fluctuate significantly over short periods of time and such volatility may be further impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.  If we are unable to offset the impact of decreased revenues associated with our indexes and Analytics products, including by managing our operating costs, our profitability could be materially adversely affected. See “—Our growth and profitability may not continue at the same rate as we have experienced in the past for several reasons, including if our operating costs are higher than expected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” below.

Any resulting failures, disruptions or instability of our information technology platform, electronic delivery systems, or the internet, including a cybersecurity breach or cyberattack, may result in reputational harm and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend heavily on the capacity, reliability and security of our information technology platform, electronic delivery systems and their components, including our data centers, and the internet to seamlessly provide clients with products and customer service. Heavy use of our electronic delivery systems and other factors such as loss of service from third parties, operational failures, sabotage, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized changes (tampering, intrusions or hacking), human error, cyberterrorism, cybercrime, ransomware, terrorist attacks affecting sites where we are located, natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, technical breakdowns, internet failures or computer viruses could impair our systems’ operations or interrupt their availability for extended periods of time. Our ability to effectively use the internet may also be impaired due to infrastructure failures, service outages at third-party internet providers or increased government regulation. If disruptions, failures or slowdowns occur with respect to our operations, including to our information technology platform, our electronic delivery systems or the internet, our reputation and our ability to distribute our products effectively and to serve our clients, including those clients for whom we provide managed services or to whom we distribute index and constituent data on a real time basis that is used to manage funds that replicate MSCI indexes, may be materially adversely affected. For example, we have in recent years experienced denial-of-service attacks. While we have been able to defend our systems against such disruptions and attacks in the past, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so successfully in the future or that our disaster recovery or business continuity plans will be effective in mitigating the risks and costs associated with the particular event that has occurred.  While we have and continue to invest in risk management and information security measures, including employee training, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, the total cost of ongoing development and implementation may increase over time given enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cybersecurity breaches. Although we currently estimate that the total cost of ongoing development and implementation of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans will not have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations, we cannot provide any assurance that our estimates regarding the timing and cost of implementing these plans will be accurate.

Any material breaches of cybersecurity or third-party reports of perceived security vulnerability to the Company’s systems, even if no breach has occurred, could cause the Company to suffer reputational harm, loss of

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customers and revenue, regulatory actions and scrutiny, litigation or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by the Company. Any of the foregoing could lead to unexpected or higher than estimated costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  See “—Any failure to ensure and protect the confidentiality of data could adversely affect our brand and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” below.  

Any failure to ensure and protect the confidentiality of data could adversely affect our brand and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  

Many of our products provide for the exchange of sensitive information with our clients through a variety of media, such as the internet, applications and dedicated transmission lines. We rely on a complex system of internal processes and software controls along with policies, procedures and training to protect data that we receive in the ordinary course of business, including sensitive and confidential client data such as material non-public information and client portfolio data that may be provided to us or hosted on our systems, against unauthorized data access or disclosure. The Company may also be exposed to more targeted cyberattacks aimed at accessing certain information on our systems because of our prominence in the global marketplace, including client data, our ESG ratings of corporate issuers and the composition of our indexes. As a result of increased cyber threats and cybersecurity and privacy regulations, clients have increasingly requested additional security measures on the products we provide and details about our internal processes and software controls, policies and procedures related to security, processing integrity and confidentiality or privacy.  Such requests may increase our cost of implementation and expose us to additional cybersecurity risks. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, if we experience difficulties in the implementation of our internal controls, policies or procedures or additional security measures requested by clients, if we experience cyberattacks that lead to a security or data privacy breach or if an employee purposely circumvents or violates our internal controls, policies or procedures, then unauthorized access to, or disclosure or misappropriation of, data could occur. Additionally, while we believe our internal controls, policies and procedures are currently adequate in protecting the confidentiality of data, breaches of confidentiality may still occur as a result of human error, particularly in connection with a more manual process for processing such data.

Such breaches, unauthorized access, disclosure or misappropriation may result in claims against us by our clients or regulatory inquiry or censure, which could, individually or in the aggregate, damage our brand and reputation and/or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If a failure of our internal controls, policies or procedures or a cyberattack results in a security or data privacy breach, we could also incur increased operating expenses to remediate the problems caused by the breach and prevent future breaches, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “ —Changes in government regulations, including the implementation of new or pending financial or operational regulations or the repeal of existing financial or operational regulations, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations” below.

Migration of our applications and infrastructure to new technologies, data centers and software could result in unanticipated interruption and delay in the performance and delivery of our products which could impair our ability to provide clients with products and customer service.  Such impairment may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.  

We have experienced unanticipated interruption and delay in the performance and delivery of certain of our products after we migrated certain of our applications and infrastructure to new data centers. While we have taken steps to mitigate such interruptions and delays, we cannot provide assurance that they will not occur again in the future even after extensive testing of new software and hardware. We could also experience cancellations and reduced demand for our products and services due to such interruptions and delays, which may result in decreased revenues. We may also experience unanticipated interruption and delay in the performance and delivery of certain of our products after adopting new technologies and software, including cloud computing, virtualization and Agile software development, in place of more traditional methods of development and support. We may also incur increased operating expenses to recover data, repair, replace or remediate systems, equipment or facilities, and to protect ourselves from and defend against such disruptions and attacks. Accordingly, any significant failures, disruptions or instability affecting our information technology platform, electronic delivery systems or the internet

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may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations and our insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for all losses, failures, or breaches.

We have confidentiality and conflict of interest policies in place regarding index composition decisions and have implemented information barrier procedures to protect the confidentiality of any material, non-public information regarding changes to and the integrity of our equity indexes. If our confidentiality policies, conflict of interest policies or information barrier procedures fail, our reputation could be damaged and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected

We change the composition of our indexes from time to time. We believe that, in some cases, the changes we make to our equity indexes can affect the prices of constituent securities as well as products based on our indexes. Our index clients rely on us to keep confidential material non-public information about changes to the future composition of an index and to protect against the misuse of that information until the change to the composition of the index is disclosed to clients. We have confidentiality policies in place and have implemented information barrier procedures to limit access to this information and to prevent the unauthorized disclosure and misuse of information regarding material non-public changes relating to our equity indexes. These policies are designed to limit dissemination of information not only between MSCI and the rest of the world, but also within MSCI. We have conflict of interest policies in place to ensure that employees act with integrity, including not putting their own personal interests or financial gain above the interests of the Company and our clients.  If our confidentiality policies, conflict of interest policies or information barrier procedures fail or we are delayed in implementing such procedures as necessary with respect to a newly acquired business and an employee inadvertently discloses, or deliberately misuses material non-public information related to one of our indexes in violation of such policies, our reputation may suffer. Clients’ loss of trust and confidence in our confidentiality policies, conflict of interest policies or information barrier policies and procedures could negatively impact our brand or reputation throughout the investment community, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Certain exchanges permit our clients to list index-linked investment products based on our equity indexes only if we provide a representation to the exchange that we have information barrier procedures in place designed to address the unauthorized disclosure and misuse of material non-public information related to our equity indexes. If an exchange determines that our information barrier procedures are not sufficient, the exchange might refuse to list or might delist investment products based on our equity indexes, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Rapidly increasing competition and financial and budgetary pressures affecting clients in our industry may cause price reductions or loss of market share, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We face rapidly increasing competition across all markets for our products and services. Our competitors range in size from large companies with substantial resources to small, single-product businesses that are highly specialized. Our larger competitors may have access to more resources and may be able to achieve greater economies of scale, and our specialized competitors that are focused on a narrower product line may be more effective in devoting technical, marketing and financial resources to compete with us with respect to a particular product. Some competitors may offer price incentives or different pricing structures that are more attractive to clients to expand their market share, and may also consolidate with one another or form joint ventures or other business arrangements, which could allow for a narrower pool of competitors that are better capitalized or that are able to gain a competitive advantage through synergies resulting from an expanded suite of products and services.

In addition, barriers to entry may be low in many of the markets for our products and services, including for single-purpose product companies. Low barriers to entry could lead to the emergence of new competitors. For example, more broker-dealers and data suppliers could begin developing their own proprietary risk analytics or indexes. Recent developments, including increases in the availability of free or relatively inexpensive information, advances in cloud computing and the increase in open source code, as well as proprietary software in specific areas, such as pricing, high volume computing, orchestration layers for services, and visualization, have increasingly

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allowed free or relatively inexpensive access to information sources, which has reduced barriers to entry even further.

Financial and budgetary pressures affecting our clients, including those resulting from weak or volatile economic conditions, may lead certain clients to reduce their overall spending on our products or services, including by seeking similar products or services at a lower cost than what we are able to provide, by consolidating their spending with fewer providers, by consolidating with other clients or by self-sourcing certain of their informational needs. Accordingly, competitive and market pressures may result in fewer clients, fewer subscriptions or investment product licenses, including as a result of client closures and consolidations, price reductions, prolonged selling and renewal cycles, and increased operating costs, such as for marketing and product development, which could, individually or in the aggregate, result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “—Our clients that pay us a fee based on the assets of an index-linked investment product may seek to negotiate a lower asset-based fee percentage or lower the total expense ratio of such products or may cease using our indexes, which could limit the growth of or decrease our revenues from asset-based fees” above and Part I, Item 1. “Business—Competition” above.

To remain competitive and generate customer demand, we must successfully develop new and enhanced products and services and effectively manage transitions and product integrations. Failure to do so could limit our ability to maintain or grow current revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We operate in an industry that is characterized by rapid technological change and evolving industry standards. Due to the highly volatile and competitive nature of this industry and the impact of technological change on our products and services, we must continually introduce new products and services, enhance existing products and services, including through integration of products and services within MSCI and with third-party platforms, and effectively generate customer demand for new and upgraded products and services. If, among other things, we fail to accurately anticipate or respond or adapt to evolving technologies and changing industry standards, if we fail to anticipate and meet the needs of our clients through the successful development of new products and services, if our new products and services are not attractive to our clients or cannot be integrated with third-party platforms, if our new products do not perform as well as anticipated, if we misprice our new products and services, if the launch of new products and offering of new services is not timely, or if competitors in any business line introduce products, services, systems and processes that are more competitive than ours or that gain greater market acceptance, we could lose market share and clients to our competitors which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We must make long-term investments and commit significant resources before knowing whether these investments will eventually result in products and services that satisfy our clients’ needs and generate revenues required to provide the desired results. For example, we have made, and need to continue to make, investments in our technology platform in order to provide competitive products and services to our clients. From time to time, we also incur costs to integrate existing products and services and transition clients to enhanced products and services, which also present execution risks and challenges. If we are unable to effectively manage transitions to new or enhanced products and services, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. See “—If our products contain undetected errors or fail to perform properly due to defects, malfunctions or similar problems, we may, among other things, become subject to increased costs or liability based on the use of our products or services to support our clients’ investment processes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” below.

A limited number of clients account for a material portion of our revenue. Cancellation of subscriptions or investment product licenses by any of these clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, revenues from our ten largest clients accounted for 28.6% and 27.8% of our total revenues, respectively. Our revenue growth depends on our ability to obtain new clients and achieve and sustain a high level of renewal rates with respect to our existing subscription base and our investment product licenses. Failure to achieve one or more of these objectives could have a material adverse effect on our business,

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financial condition and operating results. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, our largest client organization by revenue, BlackRock, accounted for 11.9% of our total revenues. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, 95.8% and 95.3%, respectively, of the revenue from BlackRock came from fees based on the assets in BlackRock’s ETFs that are based on our indexes. A contract with BlackRock from which we derive a material portion of our revenues has a term which ends in March 2020 with auto-renewal for successive one-year periods unless either party provides advanced written notice of termination. If one or more of our largest clients cancels or reduces its subscriptions or investment product licenses and we are unsuccessful in replacing those subscriptions or licenses, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. See also “—Our clients that pay us a fee based on the assets of an index-linked investment product may seek to negotiate a lower asset-based fee percentage or lower the total expense ratio of such products or may cease using our indexes, which could limit the growth of or decrease our revenues from asset-based fees” above.

Our growth and profitability may not continue at the same rate as we have experienced in the past for several reasons, including if our operating costs are higher than expected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have experienced significant growth since we began operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the levels of growth and profitability that we have experienced in the past. If we experience higher than expected operating costs, including increased personnel costs, regulatory compliance costs, occupancy costs, selling and marketing costs, investments in geographic expansion, communication costs, travel costs, application development costs, professional fees, costs related to information technology infrastructure and other costs, and we cannot adjust to these costs, our operating results may fluctuate significantly or our anticipated profitability may be reduced and our anticipated results of operations and financial position may be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will be as successful in our product development, marketing efforts, or capital return or allocation strategies as we have been in the past, or that such efforts will result in growth or profit margins comparable to those we have experienced in the past. See “— To remain competitive and generate customer demand, we must successfully develop new and enhanced products and services and effectively manage transitions and product integrations. Failure to do so could limit our ability to maintain or grow current revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” above.

We are dependent on key personnel in our professional staff for their expertise. If we fail to attract or retain the necessary qualified personnel, including through our compensation programs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The development, maintenance and support of our products and services are dependent upon the knowledge, skills, experience and abilities of our employees. Accordingly, we believe that the success of our business depends to a significant extent upon the continued service of our executives and other key management, research and product development, sales and marketing, product management, operations, information technology and other personnel. Although we do not believe that we are overly dependent upon any individual employee, our management and other employees may terminate their employment at any time and the loss of any of our key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If our cash and long-term equity incentive compensation programs do not adequately engage our key employees or are not competitive, we may lose key personnel. If we fail to attract, engage and retain the necessary qualified personnel, the quality of our products and services as well as our ability to support and retain our customers and achieve business objectives may suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Any future expansion may place significant strain on our management and other resources.

Our expansion in the past and any future expansion, particularly in emerging market locations, has placed, and is expected to continue to place, significant demands on our personnel, management and other resources. We must continue to improve our operational, financial, human resources, management, legal and compliance processes and

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information systems to keep pace with the prior expansion of our business. There can also be no assurance that, if in the future, we expand organically or by way of acquisition, our management will be effective in attracting, engaging and retaining additional qualified personnel, including additional managers or key employees, developing effective leadership in all our locations, expanding our physical facilities and information technology infrastructure, integrating acquired businesses or otherwise managing expansion. Additionally, new hires require significant training and may, in some cases, take a significant amount of time before becoming fully productive. Any failure to effectively manage expansion or to effectively manage the business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “— We are subject to unanticipated costs in connection with political, economic, legal, operational, franchise and other risks as a result of our international operations, which could materially adversely impact our businesses” below, “— We are dependent on key personnel in our professional staff for their expertise. If we fail to attract or retain the necessary qualified personnel, including through our compensation programs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected ” above, Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below.

Changes in government regulations, including the implementation of new or pending financial or operational regulations or the repeal of existing financial or operational regulations, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation at the federal and state levels, as well as by foreign governments, with some jurisdictions regulating indexes directly. These regulations are complex, evolve frequently, and are subject to administrative interpretation and judicial construction in ways that could materially adversely affect our business. It is very difficult to predict the future impact of the broad and expanding legislative and regulatory requirements affecting our business and our clients’ businesses. If we fail to comply with any applicable laws, rules or regulations, we could be subject to fines or other penalties. Additionally, we may be required to comply with multiple and potentially conflicting laws, rules or regulations in various jurisdictions, which could, individually or in the aggregate, result in materially higher compliance costs to us. It is possible that laws or regulations could cause us to restrict or change the way we license and price our products or could impose additional costs on us. Some changes to the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our clients could restrict our clients’ ability to use our products and services unless we change our products and services or could otherwise impact our clients’ demand for our products and services. As such, to the extent that our clients become bound by certain laws, rules or regulations, we may incur higher costs in connection with modifying our products or services at their request even in instances where we are not directly legally bound.  To the extent that we rely on our clients and vendors to provide data for our products and services and certain laws, rules or regulations impact our clients’ and vendors’ ability or willingness to provide that data to us or regulate the fees for which such data can be provided, our ability to continue to produce our products and services or the related costs could be negatively impacted.  There can be no assurance that changes in laws, rules or regulations will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The regulations that most materially impact us are described below:

 

Brexit.  In March 2017, the United Kingdom (“UK”) triggered Article 50 and notified the European Union (“EU”) of its intention of leaving the EU following the UK’s June 2016 referendum vote to leave the EU (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). Negotiations on the terms of the UK’s future relationship with the EU have been ongoing, with the UK due to exit the EU on March 29, 2019 (unless an extension is agreed).  Depending on the final terms reached between the UK and the EU, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations that affect our business.  As described below, our business, particularly the Index business, is subject to increasing regulation, and potential changes in EU regulation and/or additional regulation in the UK could cause additional operating obligations and increased costs for our business. In particular, we will need to ensure that post-Brexit we are licensed to provide indexes in the EU as well as the UK under each of the EU and UK benchmark regulations by the end of the transition period set out in the regulations (by January 1, 2020).

There is also uncertainty as to how the UK’s access to the EU Single Market and the wider trading, legal, regulatory, tax and labor environments, especially in the UK and EU, will be impacted, including the resulting impact on our business and that of our clients. Any such changes may adversely affect our operations and financial results because we have significant operations in Europe and certain members

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of our senior management team are based in London.  For example, changes in labor and tax laws which increase the cost to our staff of living and working in the UK or the EU, in particular changes that result in increased tax obligations or changes in immigration regulations, may impact the ability to hire and retain non-UK staff in the UK or UK staff in the EU. See also “— We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities in various jurisdictions” below.  Additionally, any changes to the passporting or other regulations relating to doing business in various EU countries by relying on a regulatory permission in the UK (or doing business in the UK by relying on a regulatory permission in an EU country) could increase our costs of doing business, or our ability to do so. A change in such regulations, or other regulations, could increase our costs of doing business, or in some cases affect our ability to do business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

See also “— Our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation risk” for additional information on the impact of Brexit on our revenues and expenses that are denominated in British pounds sterling.

 

Regulation Affecting Benchmarks. Compliance efforts associated with regulations affecting benchmarks and the related technical standards and guidance could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.  In particular, compliance could lead to a change in our business practices and/or our ability to offer indexes in certain jurisdictions, including the EU, including without limitation, by increasing our costs of doing business, including direct costs paid to regulators, diminishing our intellectual property rights, imposing constraints on our ability to meet contractual commitments to our data providers, or causing our data providers to refuse to provide data to us, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our equity and real estate index product lines.  

Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 on indexes used as benchmarks in financial instruments and financial contracts or to measure the performance of investment funds was published on June 30, 2016 with effect on January 1, 2018 (with a two-year transition period until January 1, 2020). The regulation governs index development, calculation, dissemination, governance, maintenance and recordkeeping, as well as input data licensing, collection and dissemination. Additionally, the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) issues guidance from time to time regarding interpretations of the regulation and new proposals to amend the benchmark regulation are in process. On March 5, 2018, MSCI Limited (a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.) was granted authorization by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority as a UK administrator for all MSCI equity indexes. The Company is currently implementing the EU benchmark regulation for a limited set of the UK MSCI private real estate indexes.

Under the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 600/2014), where the value of a financial instrument is calculated by reference to a benchmark, a person with proprietary rights to the benchmark will be required to ensure that clearing entities and trading venues may license the benchmark and receive relevant price and data feeds and information regarding the composition, methodology and pricing of the benchmark for the purposes of clearing and trading. Access to such licenses and information will have to be offered by the benchmark owner within three months of the request and on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms that are no less favorable than the terms offered to other trading venues unless a different basis can be objectively justified. Compliance with this regulation is required by January 1, 2020.

On December 18, 2012, ESMA published guidelines on ETFs and other Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (“UCITS”) issues (ESMA/2012/832EN), which are updated from time to time by ESMA (“Guidelines”). The Guidelines limit the types of indexes that can be used as the basis of UCITS funds and require, among other things, index constituents, together with their respective weightings, to be made easily accessible free of charge, such as via the internet, to investors and prospective investors on a delayed and periodic basis.  We have made available a client communication with respect to our policies as they relate to the Guidelines.

On July 17, 2013, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (“IOSCO”) published its final report on principles for financial benchmarks (“IOSCO Principles”). The IOSCO Principles cover conflicts of interest, benchmark quality and integrity, methodology requirements, procedures related to handling complaints, documentation requirements and audit reviews. The IOSCO Principles require benchmark administrators to publicly disclose whether they comply with the IOSCO Principles within

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12 months of their initial publication, with such compliance subject to audit. We announced our implementation of the IOSCO Principles on July 16, 2014 and posted our adherence statements and audit results on our website in each of July 2014, 2015 and 2016.  In 2017, we used those resources to implement the Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 and continued to rely on our 2016 adherence statements and audit results. We posted our explanatory note and updates arising from our implementation of the Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 in December 2017. For 2018, for our equity indexes, we posted our IOSCO adherence statement on our website in December 2018; and for our real estate indexes we continue to rely on our 2017 approach as we continue to implement the Regulation (EU) 2016/1011.

Additionally, on January 3, 2018, under the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 600/2014), rules became effective in the EU that require sell-side firms to unbundle the costs of research, and separately charge buy-side firms for execution, investment research and other advisory services.  MSCI is not such a firm, and we rely on our clients to determine whether their use of our products and services falls within the definition of investment research, and from which budget our fees are to be paid.  The impact of these decisions on our clients’ budgets and the ongoing uncertainty around the application of the rules has led to and could continue to lead to delays in the execution of agreements and the potential loss of revenue in the EU, specifically for certain of our ESG Research products.

 

Data Privacy Legislation. Changes in laws, rules or regulations, or consumer environments relating to privacy or information collection and use may affect our ability to collect, manage, aggregate, store, transfer and use personal data. There could be a material adverse impact on our direct marketing due to the enactment of legislation or industry regulations, or simply a change in practices, arising from public concern over privacy issues. Restrictions could be placed upon the collection, management, aggregation, storage, transfer and use of information that is currently legally available, in which case our cost of collecting, managing, aggregating, storing, transferring or using certain types of data could materially increase. It is also possible that we could be prohibited from collecting, managing, aggregating, storing, transferring or using certain types of data, which could materially adversely affect our ability to meet our clients’ needs.  Most recently, California passed the Consumer Privacy Act (“CPA”), which takes effect on January 1, 2020. The CPA regulates the processing of personal data of all Californians and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance. The European Parliament adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) which took effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR imposes enhanced operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of the EU and includes significant penalties for non-compliance.  In Japan, the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (“APPI”) was recently amended and came into effect on May 30, 2017.  The APPI regulates the use of personal information and personal data of “data subjects” for business purposes without regard to whether such use is within Japan.

 

Investment Advisers Act. Except with respect to certain products provided by MSCI ESG Research and certain of its designated foreign affiliates, we believe that our products and services do not constitute or provide investment advice as contemplated by the Advisers Act. Future developments in our product lines or changes to current laws, rules or regulations could cause this status to change. The Advisers Act imposes fiduciary duties, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, limitations on agency and principal transactions between an adviser and advisory clients, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. It is possible that in addition to MSCI ESG Research and certain of its subsidiaries, other entities in our corporate family may be required to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act or comply with similar laws or requirements in states or foreign jurisdictions.  See Part I, Item 1. “Business—Government Regulation” above for additional information about similar regulations in other countries.

 

Dodd-Frank Act and Other Financial Regulations. We may be materially adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets around the world. Uncertainty caused by political change in the United States and Europe (e.g., Brexit and the change in presidential administration in 2017 and congressional composition in the United States in 2018) heightens regulatory uncertainty. The enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act on July 21, 2010 had a significant impact on many aspects of the way in which the financial services industry conducts business. However, the full effect of the Dodd-Frank Act is still unknown given that certain rules and

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regulations promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act have yet to take effect or may be largely repealed or modified. As a result of the regulatory uncertainty surrounding the Dodd-Frank Act, complying with its existing and future requirements could negatively impact the business, operations and financial viability of many of our clients which, in turn, could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations.

In some instances, in connection with the provision of data and services, we have incurred additional costs to implement processes and systems at the request of our clients to ensure that the products and services that they in turn provide to their clients using our data are compliant with the financial regulations to which our clients may be subject. To the extent that our clients are subject to increased regulation, we may be indirectly impacted and could incur increased costs that could have a negative impact on the profitability of certain products.

Our clients may become more self-sufficient, which may reduce demand for our products or services and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our clients may internally develop certain functionality contained in the products or services they currently license from us. For example, a number of our clients have obtained regulatory clearance to create indexes for use as the basis of ETFs that they manage. For example, on September 20, 2016, Blackrock received exemptive relief from the SEC to create certain indexes for use as the basis of ETFs that it would manage. Similarly, some of our clients who currently license our risk data to analyze their portfolio risk may develop their own tools to collect data and assess risk, making our products or services unnecessary for them.  To the extent that our clients become more self-sufficient, demand for our products or services may be reduced, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A growing number of asset managers and investment banks, in partnership with index providers that offer calculation agent services, or acting together with an industry group or association, have created or may create their own range of proprietary indexes, which they use to manage funds or as the basis of ETFs, structured products or over-the-counter derivatives. See “— A limited number of clients account for a material portion of our revenue. Cancellation of subscriptions or investment product licenses by any of these clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations” above and “— Increased competition and financial and budgetary pressures affecting clients in our industry may cause price reductions or loss of market share, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations” above.

Legal protections for our intellectual property rights and other rights may not be sufficient or available to protect our competitive advantages. Third parties may infringe on our intellectual property rights or we may infringe upon their intellectual property rights, which, in each case, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We consider many aspects of our products and services to be proprietary. We rely primarily on a combination of trade secrets, patents, copyrights and trademark rights, as well as contractual protections and technical measures, to protect our products and services. There is no guarantee that any trade secrets, patents, copyrights or trademark rights that we may obtain will protect our competitive advantages, nor is there any assurance that our competitors will not infringe upon our rights. Existing laws of some countries in which we provide services or products may offer only limited protection of our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts, third parties may still try to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our rights and protections. Also, we may be unable to detect the unauthorized use of our intellectual property and take the necessary steps to enforce our rights, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our services and products, or the products of others that we offer to our clients, could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.  From time to time, we receive claims or notices from third parties alleging infringement or potential infringement of their intellectual property rights; and the number of these claims may grow. These intellectual property claims would likely be costly to defend, could require us to pay damages, limit our future use of certain technologies, may harm our reputation and prevent us from offering some services or products.  

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Pursuing intellectual property claims or responding to intellectual property claims, regardless of merit, can consume valuable time, and result in costly litigation or delays. We may be forced to settle such claims on unfavorable terms, and there can be no assurance that we would prevail in any litigation arising from such claims if such claims are not settled. We may be required to pay damages, to stop providing or using the affected products or services or to enter into royalty and licensing agreements. There can be no assurance that any royalty or licensing agreements will be made, if at all, on terms that are commercially acceptable to us. From time to time we receive notices calling upon us to defend partners, clients, suppliers or distributors against such third-party claims under indemnification clauses in our contracts. If any of these risks materialize, the impact of claims of intellectual property infringement could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Furthermore, our competitors may also independently develop and patent or otherwise protect products and services that are the same or similar to ours. Also, some elements of our products and services may not be subject to intellectual property protection.

 

Trademarks and Service Marks — When we enter a new geographic market or introduce a new product brand, there can be no assurance that our existing trademark or service mark of choice will be available. Furthermore, the fact that we have registered trademarks is not an assurance that other companies may not use the same or similar names.

 

Patents — Patent applications can be extremely costly to process and defend. There can be no assurance that we will be issued any patents that we apply for or that any of the rights granted under any patent that we obtain will be sufficient to protect our competitive advantages.

 

Copyrights — We believe our proprietary software and proprietary data are copyright protected. If a court were to determine that any of our proprietary software or proprietary data, such as our index level data, is not copyright protected, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 

Confidentiality and Trade Secrets — Our license agreements limit our clients’ right to copy or disclose our proprietary software and data. It is possible, however, that a client might still make unauthorized copies of our proprietary software or data, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, if a client who licensed a large volume of our proprietary historical data made that information publicly available, we might lose potential clients who could freely obtain a copy of the data. We also seek to protect our proprietary software and data through trade secret protection and through non-disclosure obligations with our employees. However, if an employee breaches his or her non-disclosure obligation and reveals a trade secret or other confidential information, we could lose the trade secret or confidentiality protection, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, it may be very difficult to ascertain if a former employee is inappropriately using or disclosing our confidential or proprietary information. We have investigated suspicions that former employees have used or disclosed our confidential or proprietary information, but we may not be able to determine with certainty whether misappropriation has occurred.

Likewise, we cannot be certain that we are aware or in the future will be aware of every instance in which this sort of behavior may occur. Additionally, the enforceability of our license and other agreements’ non-disclosure obligations and the availability of remedies to us in the event of a breach may vary due to the many different jurisdictions in which our clients and employees are located.

 

License Agreements — Our products are generally made available to end users on a periodic subscription basis under a license agreement signed by the client. We also permit access to some data, such as certain index information, through the internet under online licenses that are affirmatively acknowledged by the licensee or under terms of use. There can be no assurance that third parties will abide by the terms of our licenses or that all of our license agreements will be enforceable.

 

Third-Party Litigation — There have been a number of lawsuits in multiple jurisdictions, including in the U.S. and Germany, regarding whether issuers of index-linked investment products are required to obtain a license from the index owner or whether issuers may issue investment products based on publicly-available index level data without obtaining permission from (or making payment to) the index

26


 

owner. The outcome of these cases depends on a number of factors, including the governing law, the amount of information about the index available without a license and the other particular facts and circumstances of the cases. In some instances, the results have been unfavorable to the index owner. If courts or regulators or other governmental bodies in relevant jurisdictions determine that a license is not required to issue investment products linked to indexes, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “— Changes in government regulations, including the implementation of new or pending financial or operational regulations or the repeal of existing financial or operational regulations, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations” above. It might also lead to changes in current industry practices such that we would no longer make our index level data publicly available, such as via our website or news media, on a timely basis.

Our use of open source code could introduce security vulnerabilities into our internal network system, impose unanticipated delays or costs in deploying our products, or impose conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products or keep them confidential.

We rely on open source code to develop software and to incorporate it in our products, as well as to support our internal systems and infrastructure. The use of open source code may entail greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims, the quality of the code or the security of the code. Despite our efforts and processes to prevent breaches of our internal network system through security patches and software updates, we are still vulnerable to cyberattacks launched by those seeking to exploit vulnerabilities in such code. Such cyberattacks could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Further, some open source licenses provide that if we combine our proprietary applications with open source software in a certain manner, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary applications to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar products with less development effort and time and ultimately put us at a competitive disadvantage. Additionally, the terms of many open source code licenses are ambiguous and have not been interpreted by U.S. courts. Accordingly, there are risks that there may be a failure in our procedures for controlling the usage of open source code or that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. In either event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties on terms that are not commercially feasible in order to continue offering our products, to make generally available (in source code form) portions of our proprietary code, to re-engineer our products or systems, to discontinue the licensing of our products if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely or cost-effective basis, or to take other remedial action that could divert resources away from our development efforts. Any of these requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If our products contain undetected errors or fail to perform properly due to defects, malfunctions or similar problems, we may, among other things, become subject to increased costs or liability based on the use of our products or services to support our clients’ investment processes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our products and services support the investment processes of our clients, which relate to, in the aggregate, trillions of dollars in assets. Products we develop or license may contain undetected errors or defects despite testing. Use of our products or services as part of the investment process creates the risk that our clients, the parties whose assets are managed by our clients or the companies that we rate or assess in our ESG segment, may pursue claims against us for very significant dollar amounts based on what may be alleged to be even a small error in our data, methodologies or analysis or malfunction in certain of our products or services.

Errors or defects can exist at any point in a product’s life cycle, but are frequently found after introduction of new products or enhancements to existing products. We continually introduce new methodologies and products, and new versions of our products. Despite internal testing and testing by current clients, our current and future products may contain errors in our data, methodologies or analysis, serious defects or malfunctions. If we detect any errors before we release a product or publish a methodology or analysis, we might have to delay the product or index release for an extended period of time while we address the problem. We may not discover errors that affect our new

27


or current products or enhancements until after they are deployed, and we may need to provide enhancements or corrections to address such errors, and in certain cases it may be impracticable to do so. If undetected errors exist in our products, data, methodologies or analysis, or if our products fail to perform properly due to defects, malfunctions or similar problems, it could result in harm to our brand or reputation, lost sales, delays in commercial release, third party claims, contractual disputes, negative publicity, delays in or loss of market acceptance of our products, license terminations or renegotiations and/or unexpected expenses and diversion of resources to remedy or mitigate such errors. Additionally, any undetected errors, defects, malfunctions or similar problems in our products, data, methodologies or analysis could lead to significant failures, disruptions or slowdowns with respect to our product delivery to clients. The realization of any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. See “— Any resulting failures, disruptions or instability of our information technology platform, electronic delivery systems, or the internet, including a cybersecurity breach or cyberattack, may result in reputational harm and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.” above.  

While we have provisions in our client contracts that are designed to limit our exposure to potential liability claims brought by our clients or third parties based on the use of our products or services or delay or failure to provide services, these provisions do not always eliminate liability resulting from the occurrence of any of these events entirely and may have certain exceptions that could result in the provision of credits, contractual penalties and adverse monetary judgments, or be invalidated by unfavorable judicial decisions or by federal, state, foreign or local laws. Any such claims brought against us, even if the outcome were to be ultimately favorable to us, would involve a significant commitment of our management, personnel, financial and other resources and could have a negative impact on our reputation or pose a significant disruption to our normal business operations. In addition, the duration or outcome of such claims and lawsuits is difficult if not impossible to predict, which could further exacerbate the adverse effect they may have on our business operations.

If we are unable to successfully identify, execute and realize synergies from acquisitions, or if we experience integration, financing, or other risks resulting from our acquisitions, our financial results may be materially adversely affected.

An element of our growth strategy is growth through acquisitions. As we continue pursuing selective acquisitions to support our growth strategy, we seek to be a disciplined acquirer, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify suitable candidates for successful acquisition at acceptable prices. In addition, our ability to achieve the expected returns and synergies from our past and future acquisitions depends in part upon our ability to effectively integrate the offerings, technology, sales, administrative functions and personnel of these businesses into our business. We cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in integrating acquired businesses or that our acquired businesses will perform at the levels we anticipate. In addition, our past and future acquisitions may subject us to unanticipated risks or liabilities or disrupt our operations. Any acquisition could present a number of risks, including incorrect assumptions regarding the future results of acquired operations or assets, failure to achieve assumed synergies or successful integration of operations and management, increased debt associated with acquisitions, dilution of our common stock, loss of key personnel and diversion of management’s attention from existing operations.

In the event that we experience a high level of acquisition-related activity within a limited period of time, the probability that these risks would occur would likely increase for that period. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in completing acquisitions of other businesses, operations or assets or if such opportunities for expansion do not arise, our future growth, business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation risk.

We are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation risk. Exchange rate movements can impact the U.S. dollar reported value of our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies or where the currency of such items is different than the functional currency of the entity where these items were recorded.  For additional information on our foreign currency exchange rate risk, see Part II, Item 7A “—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk.”

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We manage foreign currency exchange rate risk, in part, through the use of derivative financial instruments comprised principally of forward contracts on foreign currency which are not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. The objective of the derivative instruments is to minimize the impact on the income statement of the volatility of amounts denominated in certain foreign currencies. Although we believe that our guidelines and policies are reasonable and prudent, any hedging instruments that we are currently party to or may enter into in the future may not be successful, resulting in an adverse impact on our results of operations.

To the extent that our international activities recorded in local currencies increase or decrease in the future, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may correspondingly increase and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.  Depending on the final terms reached between the UK and the EU, Brexit has and may continue to cause significant volatility in currency exchange rates, especially between the U.S. dollar and the British pound sterling. The weaker British pound sterling means that revenues earned in British pound sterling translate to lower reported U.S. dollar revenues.  The weaker British pound sterling also means that expenses incurred in British pound sterling translate to lower reported U.S. dollar expenses. The weaker British pound sterling could also impair the purchasing power of our clients and could result in decreased demand for our products and services. The fall in the British pound sterling relative to the U.S. dollar, and the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to a number of currencies including the British pound sterling, could have significant impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our indebtedness could materially adversely affect our cash flows and financial flexibility.

As of December 31, 2018, we had $2.6 billion of outstanding indebtedness in the form of senior unsecured notes (collectively, the “Senior Notes”).  We completed a private offering of $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”) on November 20, 2014, a private offering of $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.75% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) on August 13, 2015, a private offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the “2026 Senior Notes”) on August 4, 2016 and a private offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2027 (the “2027 Senior Notes”) on May 18, 2018.

We also maintain a $250.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”), which was undrawn as of December 31, 2018.  The Revolving Credit Agreement is subject to an unused commitment fee of 0.30%.  We recognized an interest expense associated with the Senior Notes and the Revolving Credit Agreement of approximately $133.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Although we believe that our cash flows will be sufficient to service our outstanding indebtedness, we cannot provide assurance that we will generate and maintain cash flows sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness. Our ability to make payments on indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability to generate and access cash in the future, which, in turn, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or access offshore cash, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity and we may not be able to secure additional financing on terms favorable or acceptable to us or at all. Absent sufficient cash flow from our operations and the ability to refinance, we could also be forced to sell assets to make up for any shortfall in our payment obligations. The restrictive covenants in our debt agreements, however, limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to sell assets and also restrict the use of proceeds from such a sale. If we cannot refinance or otherwise pay our obligations as they mature and fund our liquidity needs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, ability to obtain financing and ability to compete in our industry could be materially adversely affected.

We may need to incur substantial additional debt from time to time under our existing debt agreements to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our level of indebtedness could intensify, including by making it difficult for us to optimally capitalize and manage the cash flow for our business or placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness.

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Furthermore, the terms of our debt agreements include restrictive covenants that limit, among other things, our and our existing and future subsidiaries’ financial flexibility. If we are unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in our debt agreements, there could be a default that, in some cases, if continuing, could result in the accelerated payment of our debt obligations or the termination of borrowing commitments on the part of the lenders under our Revolving Credit Agreement. See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a description of the restrictive covenants in our debt agreements.

A change in our credit ratings could materially adversely affect our financial condition.

Our credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold any of our common stock or outstanding debt. Our outstanding debt under the Senior Notes currently has a non-investment grade rating. Any rating assigned to such debt is subject to ongoing evaluation by the credit rating agencies and could be lowered or withdrawn entirely at any time by such agency if, in the agency’s judgment, future circumstances relating to the basis of the rating so warrant. Such future circumstances include, but are not limited to, adverse changes to our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, or revisions to our corporate strategy pertaining to capitalization or leverage. For example, on July 28, 2015, the Board of Directors authorized corporate action that led to a change in the Company’s target leverage and interest expense, allowing for the issuance of our 2025 Senior Notes on August 13, 2015. Following the Board of Directors’ authorization, one of the ratings agencies described the increase as substantially higher than current leverage levels and as a result downgraded our credit rating. This downgrade, and any further downgrade, could adversely affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financing we obtain.

In addition, our debt covenants contain certain obligations that are triggered by a change in our credit rating. The Senior Notes contain covenants that require the Company to offer to repurchase the 2024 Senior Notes, the 2025 Senior Notes, the 2026 Senior Notes or the 2027 Senior Notes, as applicable, in cash at a price equal to 101.0% of their par value, in the event of a change of control of the Company or disposition of substantially all of the Company’s assets. The Company is obligated to make such repurchase offer to noteholders if the following two conditions are met at the time of, or as a result of, such change of control or asset sale transaction: (i) the Senior Notes are rated below investment grade by each rating agency that rates the Senior Notes and (ii) the Senior Notes are downgraded by any rating agency.

Any adverse change in our credit rating could have a negative effect on our liquidity and future growth through transactions in which we rely on the ability to receive debt capital at an advantageous cost and on favorable terms. Accordingly, actual or anticipated changes or downgrades to or withdrawal of our credit ratings, including any announcement that our ratings are under review or have been assigned a negative outlook, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and on the market value of our common stock and outstanding debt.

We are subject to unanticipated costs in connection with political, economic, legal, operational, franchise and other risks as a result of our international operations, which could materially adversely impact our businesses.

As we continue to expand our international operations, we increase our exposure to political, economic, legal, operational, franchise and other risks that are inherent in operating in many countries, including risks of possible capital controls, exchange controls, customs duties, sanctions compliance, tax penalties, levies or assessments, broad regulatory discretion and other restrictive governmental actions, as well as the outbreak of hostilities or political and governmental instability in certain of the countries or regions in which we conduct operations. A significant number of our employees are located in offices outside of the U.S. and a number of those employees are located in emerging market locations. The cost of establishing and maintaining these offices, including costs related to information technology infrastructure, as well as the costs of attracting, training and retaining employees in these locations may be higher, or may increase at a faster rate, than we anticipate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

30


Additionally, the laws and regulations in many countries applicable to our business are uncertain and evolving, and it may be difficult for us to determine the exact requirements of local laws in every market. Our inability to maintain consistent internal policies and procedures across our offices and remain in compliance with local laws in a particular market could have a significant and negative effect not only on our businesses in that market but also on our reputation generally.

Demand for our products and services is still nascent in many parts of the world. Many countries have not fully developed laws and regulations regarding risk management and ESG and, in many cases, institutions in these countries have not developed widely accepted best practices regarding the same. If we do not appropriately tailor our products and services to fit the needs of the local market, we may be unable to effectively grow sales of our products and services outside of the U.S. There can be no assurances that demand for our products and services will develop in these countries.

We may be exposed to liabilities as a result of failure to comply with anti-corruption laws and any determination that we violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or benefits or offers of payments or benefits to foreign governments and their officials and, in some cases, to employees of a business for the purpose of directing, obtaining or retaining business. We have business in countries and regions which are less developed and are generally recognized as potentially more corrupt business environments. Our activities in these countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents that could be in violation of various anti-corruption laws including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. We have implemented safeguards and policies to discourage these practices by our employees and agents. However, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than fully effective and our employees or agents may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible. If employees violate our policies or we fail to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately record our transactions we may be subject to regulatory sanctions. Violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and penalties, and we may be subject to other liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities in various jurisdictions.

As a global corporation, we are subject to income taxes as well as non-income or indirect taxes, in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of a global business, there are many intercompany transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Changes in domestic and international tax laws could negatively impact our overall effective tax rate.  In particular, Brexit could create uncertainty with respect to our corporate tax rate as well as the tax rates of our employees based in the UK.

We are regularly under audit by tax authorities. Although we believe that our tax provisions are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the final determination of tax audits or tax disputes will not be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. To the extent we are required to pay amounts in excess of our reserves, such differences could have a material adverse effect on our Consolidated Statement of Income for a particular future period. In addition, an unfavorable tax settlement could require use of our cash and result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period in which such resolution occurs.

We are also subject to non-income taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, net worth, withholding, property and goods and services taxes, in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities with respect to these non-income taxes and may have exposure to additional non-income tax liabilities.

Future changes in tax law could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. 

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The 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”) was enacted on December 22, 2017, and significantly affected U.S. tax law by changing how the U.S. imposes income tax on multinational corporations.

Tax Reform requires complex computations not previously provided in U.S. tax law. Further, compliance with Tax Reform and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously required or regularly produced. Our 2018 financial statements reflect the final adjustments to the provisional estimate of Tax Reform based on our interpretations of the current guidance. However, Tax Reform could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections. The U.S. Department of Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the law and may impact our results of operations in the period issued.

Our investments in recorded goodwill and other intangible assets as a result of acquisitions, including goodwill and other intangible assets resulting from our acquisitions, could be impaired as a result of future business conditions, requiring us to record substantial write-downs that would reduce our operating income.

We have goodwill and intangible assets of $1,826.6 million recorded on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. We evaluate the recoverability of recorded goodwill amounts annually or when evidence of potential impairment exists. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. These impairment tests are based on several factors requiring management’s judgment. Changes in fair market valuations and our operating performance or business conditions, in general, could result in future impairments of goodwill or intangible assets which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, if we are not successful in achieving anticipated operating efficiencies associated with acquisitions, our goodwill and intangible assets may become impaired.

In connection with our initial public offering and separation from Morgan Stanley, we entered into agreements with Morgan Stanley where we agreed to indemnify Morgan Stanley for, among other things, certain past, present and future liabilities related to our business.

Pursuant to certain agreements we entered into with Morgan Stanley relating to the provision of services and other matters, we agreed to indemnify Morgan Stanley for, among other matters, certain past, present and future liabilities related to our business. Such liabilities include certain unknown liabilities, which could be significant.

Our business performance might not be sufficient for us to meet the full-year financial guidance or long-term targets that we provide publicly.

We provide full-year financial guidance and long-term targets to the public based upon our assumptions regarding our expected financial performance. For example, we provide assumptions regarding our ability to manage our expenses, generate free cash flow, achieve a certain effective tax rate and achieve our profitability targets. While we believe that our annual financial guidance and long-term targets provide investors and analysts with insight to our view of the Company’s future performance, such financial guidance and long-term targets are based on assumptions that may not always prove to be accurate and may vary from actual results. If we fail to meet the full-year financial guidance or achieve the long-term targets that we provide, or if we find it necessary to revise such guidance during the year or long-term targets over time, the market value of our common stock could be adversely affected.

 

 

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

Nothing required to be disclosed.

 

 

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Item 2.

Properties

Our corporate headquarters is located in New York, New York. This is also our largest sales office and one of our main research centers. As of December 31, 2018, our principal offices consisted of the following leased properties:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number of

 

 

 

Location

 

Square Feet

 

 

Offices

 

 

Expiration Date

Mumbai, India

 

 

126,286

 

 

 

1

 

 

August 31, 2023

New York, New York

 

 

125,811

 

 

 

1

 

 

February 28, 2033

Budapest, Hungary

 

 

49,318

 

 

 

1

 

 

February 29, 2024

Monterrey, Mexico

 

 

46,569

 

 

 

1

 

 

October 31, 2028

Berkeley, California

 

 

34,178

 

 

 

1

 

 

February 28, 2030

London, England

 

 

30,519

 

 

 

1

 

 

December 25, 2026

Manila, Philippines

 

 

25,750

 

 

 

1

 

 

February 29, 2024

Norman, Oklahoma

 

 

23,664

 

 

 

1

 

 

May 31, 2024

Boston, Massachusetts

 

 

13,506

 

 

 

1

 

 

November 30, 2021

Chicago, Illinois

 

 

8,859

 

 

 

1

 

 

August 31, 2025

Geneva, Switzerland

 

 

8,826

 

 

 

1

 

 

August 31, 2028

 

As of December 31, 2018, we also leased and occupied offices in the following locations (in descending order of square footage): San Francisco, California; Beijing, China; Frankfurt, Germany; Shanghai, China; Hong Kong, China; Paris, France; Tokyo, Japan; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Portland, Maine; Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Singapore; Seoul, Korea; Milan, Italy; Gaithersburg, Maryland; Cape Town, South Africa; Stockholm, Sweden; Sao Paolo, Brazil; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Barcelona, Spain; and Taipei, Taiwan.  

We believe that our properties are in good operating condition and adequately serve our current business operations. We also anticipate that suitable additional or alternative space, including those under lease options, will be available at commercially reasonable terms for future expansion.

 

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

Various lawsuits, claims and proceedings have been or may be instituted or asserted against us in the ordinary course of business. While the amounts claimed could be substantial, the ultimate liability cannot now be determined because of the considerable uncertainty that exists. Therefore, it is possible that our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows in a particular period could be materially adversely affected by certain contingencies. However, based on facts currently available, management believes that the disposition of matters that are currently pending or asserted will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

 

 

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

 

 

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Stock Price and Dividends

Our common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange since November 15, 2007 and trades under the symbol “MSCI.” As of February 15, 2019, there were 121 shareholders of record of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

On September 17, 2014, the Board of Directors approved a plan to initiate a regular quarterly cash dividend. On January 30, 2019, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend, in an amount of $0.58 per share of common stock, to be paid on March 15, 2019 to shareholders of record as of the close of trading on February 22, 2019.

The payment amounts of future dividends will be determined by the Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including our earnings, financial condition and capital requirements, business conditions, corporate law requirements and other factors.

The Transfer Agent and Registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.

Equity Compensation Plans

On February 18, 2016, the Board of Directors, upon the recommendation of the Compensation & Talent Management Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”), approved the MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (the “Directors Plan”), a cash and equity incentive compensation plan that was approved by shareholders at the Company’s 2016 annual meeting of shareholders. The Directors Plan replaced the Company’s then existing non-employee director compensation plan—the MSCI Inc. Independent Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan (the “2011 Plan”). The total number of shares authorized to be awarded under the Directors Plan is 352,460, which is equal to the number of shares that remained available for issuance under the 2011 Plan.

Under the Directors Plan, directors that are not employees of the Company receive annual Board retainer fees and fees for serving on the Company’s committees, if applicable, and a director may make an election to receive all or any portion of such director’s retainer and committee fees in shares of our common stock in lieu of cash. Non-employee directors are entitled to receive an annual grant of $160,000 and the lead director is entitled to an additional $50,000 in stock units (a total of $210,000), in each case, subject to a one-year vesting schedule.  Under the MSCI Inc. Non-Employee Directors Deferral Plan, directors may elect to defer receipt of all or any portion of any shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of any stock unit or any retainer elected to be paid in shares of our common stock until (i) 60 days following separation of service or (ii) the earlier of a specified date or 60 days following separation of service.

On February 18, 2016, the Board of Directors, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee, approved the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Plan (“Omnibus Plan”), an equity incentive compensation plan that was approved by shareholders at the Company’s 2016 annual meeting of shareholders. The Omnibus Plan replaced the Company’s then existing equity compensation plan—the MSCI Inc. Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (as amended, the “2007 Plan”). Compensation paid to the Company’s executive officers historically complied with the performance-based compensation exception under 162(m) of the IRC (“162(m)”) by being granted pursuant to the MSCI Inc. Performance Formula and Incentive Plan (the “Performance Plan”). Shareholder approval of the Omnibus Plan constituted approval of the material terms of the performance goals under the Omnibus Plan for purposes of 162(m). Despite the changes implemented by Tax Reform, the Company will continue to maintain the Performance Plan and may make awards pursuant to this plan.

Pursuant to the Omnibus Plan, the Company reserved 7,565,483 shares of common stock for issuance; plus any additional shares which become available due to forfeiture, expiration or cancellation of outstanding awards,

34


which were registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) following approval by the Company’s shareholders. This is in addition to currently outstanding awards under the 2007 Plan. The Omnibus Plan permits the Compensation Committee to make grants of a variety of equity-based awards (such as stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance awards and other stock-based awards) totaling up to 7,565,483 and other cash-based awards to eligible recipients, including employees and consultants. No awards will be granted under the Omnibus Plan after the earliest to occur of (i) April 28, 2026, (ii) the maximum number of shares available for issuance having been issued and (iii) the Board of Directors terminating the Omnibus Plan in accordance with its terms.  

In connection with the acquisition of RiskMetrics Group, LLC (“RiskMetrics”) in 2010, we filed a registration statement registering under the Securities Act the 4,257,779 shares of MSCI common stock reserved for issuance in respect of incentive awards to officers and certain employees of RiskMetrics pursuant to the RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2000 Stock Option Plan, RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2004 Stock Option Plan, Institutional Shareholder Services Holdings, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan and RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (collectively, the “RMG Plans”). In June 2010, we also filed a registration statement assuming 3,060,090 shares available under the RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan, which terminated on June 30, 2012.

The following table presents certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2018:

 

 

 

Number of

Securities to

be Issued

Upon

Vesting of

Restricted

Stock Units

and

Exercise of

Outstanding

Options

a

 

 

Weighted

Average

Unit Award

Value of

Restricted

Stock Units

and Weighted

-Average

Exercise

Price of

Outstanding

Options

b

 

 

Number of

Securities

Remaining

Available for

Future

Issuance

under Equity

Compensation

Plans

(excluding

securities

reflected

in column (a))

c

 

Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security

   Holders

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

 

 

Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security

   Holders

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MSCI Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive

   Compensation Plan

 

 

611,374

 

 

$

58.98

 

 

 

 

RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Incentive

   Compensation Plan

 

 

61,977

 

 

$

22.74

 

 

 

 

MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Plan

 

 

716,726

 

 

$

97.64

 

 

 

6,740,573

 

MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors

   Compensation Plan

 

 

11,004

 

 

$

149.83

 

 

 

297,688

 

Total

 

 

1,401,081

 

 

$

77.87

 

 

 

7,038,261

 

Stock Repurchases

On October 26, 2016, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program for the purchase of up to $750.0 million worth of shares of the Company’s common stock (together with the amount then remaining under a previously existing share repurchase program, the “2016 Repurchase Program”).  

On May 1, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase program for the purchase of up to $1.0 billion worth of shares of the Company’s common stock (together with the $523.1 million of authorization then remaining under the 2016 Repurchase Program, the “2018 Repurchase Program”). Share

35


repurchases made pursuant to the 2018 Repurchase Program may take place in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time based on market and other conditions. This authorization may be modified, suspended or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time without prior notice. As of December 31, 2018, there was $808.1 million of available authorization remaining under the 2018 Repurchase Program.

 

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased approximately 6.2 million shares at an average price of $148.34 per share for a total value of $925.0 million pursuant to open market repurchases under the 2018 Repurchase Program.

The following table provides information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of the Company of its common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2018. There were no other share repurchases during the quarter outside of the repurchases noted below.

 

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

Period

 

Total

Number of

Shares

Purchased (1)

 

 

Average

Price

Paid Per

Share

 

 

Total

Number

of Shares

Purchased

As Part of

Publicly

Announced

Plans or

Programs

 

 

Approximate Dollar

Value of Shares

that May Yet Be

Purchased Under

the Plans or

Programs (2)

 

Month #1 (October 1, 2018-October 31, 2018)

 

 

777,349

 

 

$

153.92

 

 

 

777,030

 

 

$

1,344,652,000

 

Month #2 (November 1, 2018-November 30, 2018)

 

 

2,297,622

 

 

$

148.57

 

 

 

2,294,078

 

 

$

1,003,839,000

 

Month #3 (December 1, 2018-December 31, 2018)

 

 

1,371,422

 

 

$

142.86

 

 

 

1,370,023

 

 

$

808,146,000

 

Total

 

 

4,446,393

 

 

$

147.74

 

 

 

4,441,131

 

 

$

808,146,000

 

 

(1)  

Includes (i) shares purchased by the Company on the open market under the 2018 Repurchase Program; (ii) shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations on behalf of employees that occur upon vesting and delivery of outstanding shares underlying restricted stock units; (iii) shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations and exercise price on behalf of employees that occur upon exercise and delivery of outstanding shares underlying stock options; and (iv) shares held in treasury under the MSCI Inc. Non-Employee Directors Deferral Plan. The value of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations was determined using the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of withholding, using a valuation methodology established by the Company.

(2)  

See Note 8, “Shareholders’ Equity” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information regarding our stock repurchase programs.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Since January 1, 2016, the Company has issued an aggregate principle amount of $1.0 billion in Senior Notes in two discrete private offerings in the amounts of $500.0 million each, to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to certain non-U.S. persons in accordance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The Company completed its offering of the 2027 Senior Notes on May 15, 2018 and the 2026 Senior Notes on August 4, 2016. The Senior Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws.

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Use of Proceeds from Sale of Registered Securities

None.

36


FIVE-YEAR STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholders’ return on our common stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the NYSE Composite Index since December 31, 2013 assuming an investment of $100 at the closing price on December 31, 2013. In calculating total annual shareholders’ return, reinvestment of dividends, if any, is assumed. The indexes are included for comparative purposes only. They do not necessarily reflect management’s opinion that such indexes are an appropriate measure of the relative performance of the common stock. This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not to be deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. 

 

Total Investment Value

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2013

 

 

2014

 

 

2015

 

 

2016

 

 

2017

 

 

2018

 

MSCI Inc.

 

$

100

 

 

$

154

 

 

$

236

 

 

$

261

 

 

$

424

 

 

$

502

 

S&P 500

 

$

100

 

 

$

151

 

 

$

153

 

 

$

171

 

 

$

208

 

 

$

199

 

NYSE Composite Index

 

$

100

 

 

$

135

 

 

$

129

 

 

$

145

 

 

$

172

 

 

$

157

 

 

Source: Bloomberg

 

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data

Our selected consolidated financial data for the periods presented should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The selected Consolidated Statement of Income data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the selected Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 have been audited and

37


reported upon by an independent registered public accounting firm in each period. The selected Consolidated Statement of Income data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the selected Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The selected financial information presented below may not be indicative of our future performance.

 

 

 

As of or For the

 

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

2018 (1)

 

 

2017 (2)

 

 

 

2016

 

 

2015 (3)

 

 

2014 (4)

 

 

 

 

(in thousands, except operating margin and per share data)

Operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

$

1,075,013

 

 

$

996,680

 

 

Total operating expenses

 

 

747,086

 

 

 

694,402

 

 

 

662,565

 

 

 

671,115

 

 

 

659,514

 

 

Operating income

 

 

686,898

 

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

488,104

 

 

 

403,898

 

 

 

337,166

 

 

Other expense (income), net

 

 

57,002

 

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

102,166

 

 

 

54,344

 

 

 

28,828

 

 

Provision for income taxes

 

 

122,011

 

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

125,083

 

 

 

119,516

 

 

 

109,396

 

 

Income from continuing operations, net

   of income taxes

 

 

507,885

 

 

 

303,972

 

 

 

260,855

 

 

 

230,038

 

 

 

198,942

 

 

Income (loss) from discontinued

   operations, net of income taxes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(6,390

)

 

 

85,171

 

(5)

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

$

223,648

 

 

$

284,113

 

 

Operating margin

 

 

47.9

%

 

 

45.5

%

 

 

42.4

%

 

 

37.6

%

 

 

33.8

%

 

Basic earnings per share:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

   from continuing operations

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.72

 

 

$

2.11

 

 

$

1.72

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

   from discontinued operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(0.06

)

 

 

0.73

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.72

 

 

$

2.05

 

 

$

2.45

 

 

Diluted earnings per share:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

   from continuing operations

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.70

 

 

$

2.09

 

 

$

1.70

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

   from discontinued operations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(0.06

)

 

 

0.73

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.70

 

 

$

2.03

 

 

$

2.43

 

 

Weighted average shares outstanding used

   in computing earnings per share

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic

 

 

87,179

 

 

 

90,336

 

 

 

95,986

 

 

 

109,124

 

 

 

115,737

 

 

Diluted

 

 

89,701

 

 

 

91,914

 

 

 

96,540

 

 

 

109,926

 

 

 

116,706

 

 

Dividends declared per common share

 

$

1.92

 

 

$

1.32

 

 

$

1.00

 

 

$

0.80

 

 

$

0.18

 

 

 


38


 

 

As of or For the

 

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

2018 (1)

 

 

2017

 

 

 

2016

 

 

2015 (3)

 

 

2014 (4)

 

 

 

 

(in thousands)

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

904,176

 

 

$

889,502

 

 

$

791,834

 

 

$

777,706

 

 

$

508,799

 

 

Accounts receivable (net of allowances)

 

$

473,433

 

 

$

327,597

 

 

$

221,504

 

 

$

208,239

 

 

$

178,717

 

 

Goodwill and intangibles, net of

   accumulated amortization

 

$

1,826,564

 

 

$

1,882,457

 

 

$

1,903,490

 

 

$

1,957,111

 

 

$

1,998,532

 

 

Total assets

 

$

3,387,952

 

 

$

3,275,668

 

 

$

3,082,578

 

 

$

3,146,987

 

 

$

2,882,533

 

 

Deferred revenue

 

$

537,977

 

 

$

374,365

 

 

$

334,358

 

 

$

317,552

 

 

$

310,775

 

 

Long-term debt, net of current maturities

 

$

2,575,502

 

 

$

2,078,093

 

 

$

2,075,201

 

 

$

1,579,404

 

 

$

788,358

 

 

Total shareholders' equity (deficit)

 

$

(166,494

)

 

$

401,012

 

 

$

317,605

 

 

$

901,487

 

 

$

1,432,833

 

 

 

(1)

Includes the impact of the Financial Engineering Associates, Inc. (“FEA”) and Investor Force Holdings, Inc. (“InvestorForce”) divestitures.

(2)

As a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2017-07, the Company has restated its Consolidated Statements of Income by reclassifying $0.6 million of non-service related pension costs from Operating Expenses to Other expense (income) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

(3)

Includes the impact of the Insignis business (“Insignis”) from the October 16, 2015 acquisition date, which was not material. Deferred taxes have been presented in accordance with new accounting guidance prospectively beginning on December 31, 2015. Prior periods have not been retrospectively restated to match this presentation.

(4)

Includes the results of GMI Ratings from the August 11, 2014 acquisition date, the impact of which was not material.

(5)

Includes the net gain resulting from the divestiture of Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. in 2014.

 

39


Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those described below. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those described in Part 1, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading provider of mission-critical investment decision support tools and services — we power investors to make better decisions about their investment portfolios.  Our tools and services help investors better understand the drivers of risk and return and build portfolios to more effectively and efficiently achieve their investment objectives. We are able to do this by leveraging our knowledge of the global investment process and our expertise in research, data, and technology in order to deliver actionable solutions to our clients. We are dynamic and flexible in the delivery of our content and capabilities, such as our indexes; portfolio construction tools and risk-management services; ESG research and ratings; and real estate benchmarks, return analytics services and market insights; much of which can be accessed by our clients through multiple channels and platforms.

Our clients comprise a wide spectrum of the global investment industry and include the following key client segments: asset owners (pension funds, endowments, foundations, central banks, sovereign wealth funds, family offices and insurance companies), asset managers (institutional, mutual funds, hedge funds, ETFs, insurance, private wealth, private banks and real estate investment trusts), financial intermediaries (banks, broker-dealers, exchanges, custodians, trust companies and investment consultants) and wealth managers (including an increasing number of “robo-advisors”).

Through a combined use of the content and capabilities provided by each of our operating segments — Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate — our clients gain a broad view of the global investment industry, which enables them to manage their investment objectives across multiple asset classes in an increasingly integrated manner.

As of December 31, 2018, we had over 7,000 clients across 90 countries. To calculate the number of clients, we use the shipping address of the ultimate customer utilizing the product which counts affiliates, user locations, or business units within a single organization as separate clients.  If we aggregate all related clients under their respective parent entity, the number of clients would be over 4,000 as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had offices in 31 cities in 21 countries to help serve our diverse client base, with 50.2% of our revenues coming from clients in the Americas, 35.4% in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and 14.4% in Asia and Australia.  

Our principal business model is generally to license annual, recurring subscriptions for the majority of our Index, Analytics and ESG products and services for a fee due in advance of the service period. We also license annual recurring subscriptions for the majority of our Real Estate products for a fee which is primarily paid in arrears after the product is delivered, with the exception of the Market Information product for which the fees are generally paid in advance.  Recurring fees may vary based on a number of factors including by product or service, number of users or volume of services. Our recurring client contracts do not have a financing component and the consideration received is typically not variable. A portion of our fees are variable and comes from clients who use our indexes as the basis for index-linked investment products, such as ETFs, passively managed funds and separate accounts. These clients commonly pay us a license fee, typically in arrears, primarily based on the AUM in their investment products and these fees are typically variable. We also have variable fees from certain exchanges that use our indexes as the basis for futures and options contracts and pay us in arrears, primarily based on the volume of trades or number of instruments. We also realize one-time fees commonly related to customized reports, historical data sets, certain derivative financial products and certain implementation and consulting services, as well as from particular products and services that are purchased on a non-renewal basis.

 

40


In evaluating our financial performance, we focus on revenue and profit growth, including results accounted for under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) as well as non-GAAP measures, for the Company as a whole and by operating segment. In addition, we focus on operating metrics, including Run Rate, subscription sales and Retention Rate to manage the business. Our business is not highly capital intensive and, as such, we expect to continue to convert a high percentage of our profits into excess cash in the future. Our growth strategy includes: (a) expanding leadership in research-enhanced content, (b) strengthening existing and new client relationships by providing solutions, (c) improving access to our solutions through cutting-edge technology and platforms, (d) expanding value-added service offerings and (e) executing strategic relationships and acquisitions with complementary content and technology companies.

 

Key Financial Metrics and Drivers

As discussed in the previous section, we utilize a portfolio of key financial metrics to manage the Company, including GAAP and non-GAAP measures. As detailed below, we review revenues by type and by segment, or major product line. We also review expenses by activity, which provides more transparency into how resources are being deployed. In addition, we utilize operating metrics including Run Rate, subscription sales and Retention Rate to analyze past performance and to provide insight into our latest reported portfolio of recurring business.

In the discussion that follows, we provide certain variances excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations reflect the difference between the current period results as reported compared to the current period results recalculated using the foreign currency exchange rates in effect for the comparable prior period. While operating revenues adjusted for the impact of foreign currency fluctuations includes asset-based fees that have been adjusted for the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, the underlying AUM, which is the primary component of asset-based fees, is not adjusted for foreign currency fluctuations. Approximately two-thirds of the AUM are invested in securities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, and accordingly, any such impact is excluded from the disclosed foreign currency adjusted variances.

Revenues

Our revenues are characterized by type, which broadly reflects the nature of how they are recognized or earned. Our revenue types are recurring subscription, asset-based fees and non-recurring revenues. We also group our revenues by segment and provide the revenue type within each segment. See Part 1, Item 1. “Business—Our Operating Segments” above for additional details on the products and services that we offer.

Recurring subscription revenues represent fees earned from clients primarily under renewable contracts or agreements and are recognized in most cases ratably over the term of the license or service pursuant to the contract terms. The contracts state the terms under which these fees are to be calculated. The fees are recognized as we provide the product and service to the client over the license period and are generally billed in advance, prior to the license start date.

Asset-based fees represent fees earned on the AUM linked to our indexes from independent third-party sources or the most recently reported information provided by the client. Asset-based fees also include revenues related to futures and options contracts linked to our indexes, which are primarily based on trading volumes.

Non-recurring revenues primarily represent fees earned on products and services where we do not have renewal contracts and primarily include revenues for providing historical data, certain implementation services and other special client requests.  

Effective January 1, 2018, MSCI adopted the new revenue standard as set forth under ASC Subtopic 606-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” See Note 1, “Introduction and Basis of Presentation—Significant Accounting PoliciesRevenue Recognition,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information on our revenue recognition policy.

41


Operating Expenses

We group our operating expenses into the following activity categories:

 

Cost of revenues;

 

Selling and marketing;

 

Research and development (“R&D”);

 

General and administrative (“G&A”);

 

Amortization of intangible assets; and

 

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements.

Costs are assigned to these activity categories based on the nature of the expense or, when not directly attributable, an estimate is allocated based on the type of effort involved.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production and servicing of our products and services and primarily includes related information technology costs, including data center, platform and infrastructure costs; costs to acquire, produce and maintain market data information; costs of research to support and maintain existing products; costs of product management teams; costs of client service and consultant teams to support customer needs; as well as other support costs directly attributable to the cost of revenues including certain human resources, finance and legal costs.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist of costs associated with acquiring new clients or selling new products or product renewals to existing clients and primarily includes the costs of our sales force and marketing teams, as well as costs incurred in other groups associated with acquiring new business, including product management, research, technology and sales operations.

Research and Development

R&D expenses consist of costs to develop new or enhance existing products and the costs to develop new or improved technology and service platforms for the delivery of our products and services and primarily include the costs of development, research, product management, project management and the technology support associated with these efforts.

General and Administrative

G&A expenses consist of costs primarily related to finance operations, human resources, office of the CEO, legal, corporate technology, corporate development and certain other administrative costs that are not directly attributed, but are instead allocated, to a product or service.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets expense relates to definite-lived intangible assets arising from past acquisitions and internal capitalized software projects. Intangibles arising from past acquisitions consist of customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, technology and software, proprietary processes and data and non-competition agreements. We amortize definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when impairment indicators are present, and, if impaired, written down to fair value based on either discounted cash flows or appraised values. We have no indefinite-lived intangible assets.

42


Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements

This category consists of expenses related to depreciating or amortizing the cost of furniture and fixtures, computer and related equipment and leasehold improvements over the estimated useful life of the assets.

Other Expense (Income), net

This category consists primarily of interest we pay on our outstanding indebtedness, interest we collect on cash and short-term investments, foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses as well as other non-operating income and expense items.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA

“Adjusted EBITDA,” a measure used by management to assess operating performance, is defined as net income before (1) provision for income taxes, (2) other expense (income), net, (3) depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements, (4) amortization of intangible assets and, at times, (5) certain other transactions or adjustments.

“Adjusted EBITDA expenses,” a measure used by management to assess operating performance, is defined as operating expenses less depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements and amortization of intangible assets and, at times, certain other transactions or adjustments.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA expenses are believed to be meaningful measures of the operating performance of the Company because they adjust for significant one-time, unusual or non-recurring items as well as eliminate the accounting effects of capital spending and acquisitions that do not directly affect what management considers to be the Company’s core operating performance in the period. All companies do not calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA expenses in the same way. These measures can differ significantly from company to company depending on, among other things, long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate and capital investments. Accordingly, the Company’s computation of the Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA expenses measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures computed by other companies.

Run Rate

Run Rate is a key operating metric and is important because an increase or decrease in our Run Rate ultimately impacts our operating revenues over time. At the end of any period, we generally have subscription and investment product license agreements in place for a large portion of total revenues for the following 12 months. We measure the fees related to these agreements and refer to this as “Run Rate.” See “—Operating MetricsRun Rate” below for additional information on the calculation of this metric.

Subscription Sales

Subscription sales is a key operating metric and is important because new subscription sales increase our Run Rate and ultimately our operating revenues over time. See “—Operating MetricsSubscription Sales” below for additional information.

Retention Rate

Another key operating metric is Retention Rate which is important because subscription cancellations decrease our Run Rate and ultimately our operating revenues over time. See “—Operating MetricsRetention Rate” below for additional information on the calculation of this metric.

 

 

43


Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. We believe the estimates and judgments upon which we rely are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time these estimates and judgments are made. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our consolidated financial statements will be affected. See Note 1, “Introduction And Basis Of Presentation—Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 2, “Recent Accounting Standards Updates,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for a listing of our accounting policies.

 

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Results

Divestitures

On August 1, 2016, we completed the divestiture of our Real Estate occupiers business, which was included as a component of the All Other segment through the date of divestiture. The value of the disposed assets and liabilities and the resulting gain on disposal were not material to the Company.

On April 9, 2018, we completed the divestiture of FEA for $21.0 million in cash, which resulted in a gain of $10.6 million. FEA was included as a component of the Analytics segment through the date of divestiture. The results of operations from FEA were not material to the Company.  

On October 12, 2018, we completed the divestiture of InvestorForce and received $62.8 million in cash, subject to a working capital adjustment, which resulted in a gain of $46.6 million. InvestorForce was included as a component of the Analytics segment through the date of divestiture. The results of operations from InvestorForce were not material to the Company.  

Share Repurchases

The Board of Directors has approved a stock repurchase program for the purchase of the Company’s common stock. See Note 9, “Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit),” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our stock repurchase program.

 

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company repurchased approximately 10.3 million shares at an average price of $73.71 per share for a total value of $759.4 million pursuant to open market repurchases.

 

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased approximately 1.6 million shares at an average price of $87.96 per share for a total value of $136.9 million pursuant to open market repurchases.

 

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased approximately 6.2 million shares at an average price of $148.34 per share for a total value of $925.0 million pursuant to open market repurchases.

The weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate our diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased by 2.4% compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, and by 4.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The decreases in both periods primarily reflect the impact of share repurchases made pursuant to the 2016 and 2018 Repurchase Programs, partially offset by the impact of higher dilution, primarily caused by restricted stock units for which the ultimate payout is tied to the achievement of multi-year total shareholder return targets.  

Senior Notes and Credit Agreement

We have issued an aggregate of $2.6 billion in Senior Notes and entered into a $250 million Revolving Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks. See “–Liquidity and Capital Resources–Senior Notes and Credit Agreement” below and Note 5, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our Senior Notes and Revolving Credit Agreement.

44


Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”). Tax Reform significantly revised the U.S. corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a one-time tax on deemed repatriation of historic earnings of foreign subsidiaries (the “Toll Charge”).  

In the year ended December 31, 2017, as part of Tax Reform, the Company recorded a provisional net charge to the provision for income taxes of $34.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The net charge of $34.5 million primarily included an estimated tax charge of approximately $47.5 million related to the Toll Charge and an estimated tax charge of approximately $16.0 million related to a change in assertion that profits were permanently reinvested overseas as of December 31, 2017, partially offset by an estimated tax benefit of approximately $29.0 million related to the revaluation of deferred taxes at the now-lower statutory corporate rate.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company finalized the Toll Charge and determined the final impact of Tax Reform resulting in a net benefit of $11.2 million that included a benefit of $5.7 million on the true-up of the Toll Charge and a benefit of $2.6 million for a reduction in the expected withholding taxes from foreign subsidiaries. The Company also recorded a benefit of $2.9 million related to the revaluation of deferred taxes at the lower statutory rate as a result of tax planning. The cumulative net charge of Tax Reform was $23.3 million.

Basis of Presentation

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

 

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

The following table presents the results of operations for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

159,812

 

 

 

12.5

%

Operating expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues

 

 

287,335

 

 

 

273,681

 

 

 

13,654

 

 

 

5.0

%

Selling and marketing

 

 

192,923

 

 

 

177,121

 

 

 

15,802

 

 

 

8.9

%

Research and development

 

 

81,411

 

 

 

75,849

 

 

 

5,562

 

 

 

7.3

%

General and administrative

 

 

99,882

 

 

 

87,764

 

 

 

12,118

 

 

 

13.8

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

9,642

 

 

 

21.6

%

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

(4,094

)

 

 

(11.6

%)

Total operating expenses

 

 

747,086

 

 

 

694,402

 

 

 

52,684

 

 

 

7.6

%

Operating income

 

 

686,898

 

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

107,128

 

 

 

18.5

%

Other expense (income), net

 

 

57,002

 

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

(55,869

)

 

 

(49.5

%)

Income before provision for income taxes

 

 

629,896

 

 

 

466,899

 

 

 

162,997

 

 

 

34.9

%

Provision for income taxes

 

 

122,011

 

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

(40,916

)

 

 

(25.1

%)

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

203,913

 

 

 

67.1

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.47

 

 

 

73.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.35

 

 

 

71.0

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating margin

 

 

47.9

%

 

 

45.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

45


Operating Revenues

Our revenues are grouped by the following types: recurring subscription, asset-based fees and non-recurring revenues. We also group revenues by major product lines as follows: Index, Analytics and All Other, which includes the ESG and Real Estate product lines.

The following table presents operating revenues by recurring subscriptions, asset-based fees and non-recurring revenues for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

1,066,536

 

 

$

973,023

 

 

$

93,513

 

 

 

9.6

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

336,565

 

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

60,473

 

 

 

21.9

%

Non-recurring

 

 

30,883

 

 

 

25,057

 

 

 

5,826

 

 

 

23.3

%

Total operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

159,812

 

 

 

12.5

%

 

Total operating revenues grew 12.5% to $1,434.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $1,274.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, total operating revenues would have increased 12.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.  

Revenue from recurring subscriptions increased 9.6% to $1,066.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $973.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by growth in Index products, which increased $50.3 million, or 11.8%, and growth in Analytics products, which increased $22.1 million, or 4.9%. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recurring subscriptions would have increased 9.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.  

Revenues from asset-based fees increased 21.9% to $336.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $276.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in asset-based fees was driven by strong growth across all types of index-linked investment products, including a $34.7 million, or 18.2%, increase in revenue from ETFs linked to MSCI indexes, which was driven by a 21.9% increase in average AUM, partially offset by the impact of a change in product mix. In addition, revenue from non-ETF passive products grew $22.0 million, or 30.3%, primarily driven by higher AUM and an increased contribution from higher-fee products. Revenues from exchange traded futures and options contracts based on MSCI indexes grew $3.8 million, or 28.2%, driven, in part, by an increase in total trading volumes. The impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on revenues from asset-based fees was negligible.   

The following table presents the value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI indexes and the sequential change of such assets as of the end of each of the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Period Ended (1)

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2018

 

(in billions)

 

March 31,

 

 

June 30,

 

 

September 30,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

March 31,

 

 

June 30,

 

 

September 30,

 

 

December 31,

 

AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI

   indexes (2), (3)

 

$

555.7

 

 

$

624.3

 

 

$

674.3

 

 

$

744.3

 

 

$

764.9

 

 

$

744.7

 

 

$

765.5

 

 

$

695.6

 

Sequential Change in Value

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Market Appreciation/

   (Depreciation)

 

$

35.8

 

 

$

23.6

 

 

$

32.2

 

 

$

32.0

 

 

$

(11.7

)

 

$

(19.4

)

 

$

15.6

 

 

$

(94.7

)

Cash Inflows

 

 

38.5

 

 

 

45.0

 

 

 

17.8

 

 

 

38.0

 

 

 

32.3

 

 

 

(0.8

)

 

 

5.2

 

 

 

24.8

 

Total Change

 

$

74.3

 

 

$

68.6

 

 

$

50.0

 

 

$

70.0

 

 

$

20.6

 

 

$

(20.2

)

 

$

20.8

 

 

$

(69.9

)

 

Source: Bloomberg and MSCI

(1)

The historical values of the assets in ETFs linked to our indexes as of the last day of the month and the monthly average balance can be found under the link “AUM in ETFs Linked to MSCI indexes” on our

46


Investor Relations homepage at http://ir.msci.com. This information is updated on or about the second U.S. business day of each month. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

(2)

The value of assets under management in ETFs linked to MSCI Indexes is calculated by multiplying the ETF net asset value by the number of shares outstanding.

(3)

The AUM in ETFs numbers also include AUM in Exchange Traded Notes, the value of which is less than 1.0% of the AUM amounts presented.

 

The following table presents the average value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI indexes for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Year-to-Date Average (1)

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2018

 

 

 

March

 

 

June

 

 

September

 

 

December

 

 

March

 

 

June

 

 

September

 

 

December

 

AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI

   Indexes

 

$

524.1

 

 

$

559.5

 

 

$

591.1

 

 

$

621.4

 

 

$

779.5

 

 

$

778.0

 

 

$

770.6

 

 

$

757.2

 

_____________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Bloomberg and MSCI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1)For additional information on AUM amounts presented in this table, please refer to the footnotes in the table presenting AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI equity indexes  for "Period Ended" in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsResults of Operations—Operating Revenues."

 

 

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the average value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI equity indexes was $757.2 billion, up $135.8 billion, or 21.9%, from $621.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Non-recurring revenues increased 23.3% to $30.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by growth in Index products, which increased $5.7 million, or 36.7%.

The following table presents operating revenues by reportable segment and revenue type for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

477,612

 

 

$

427,289

 

 

$

50,323

 

 

 

11.8

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

336,565

 

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

60,473

 

 

 

21.9

%

Non-recurring

 

 

21,298

 

 

 

15,578

 

 

 

5,720

 

 

 

36.7

%

Index total

 

 

835,475

 

 

 

718,959

 

 

 

116,516

 

 

 

16.2

%

Analytics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

 

474,334

 

 

 

452,253

 

 

 

22,081

 

 

 

4.9

%

Non-recurring

 

 

5,605

 

 

 

6,016

 

 

 

(411

)

 

 

(6.8

%)

Analytics total

 

 

479,939

 

 

 

458,269

 

 

 

21,670

 

 

 

4.7

%

All Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

 

114,590

 

 

 

93,481

 

 

 

21,109

 

 

 

22.6

%

Non-recurring

 

 

3,980

 

 

 

3,463

 

 

 

517

 

 

 

14.9

%

All Other total

 

 

118,570

 

 

 

96,944

 

 

 

21,626

 

 

 

22.3

%

Total operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

159,812

 

 

 

12.5

%

 

Refer to the section titled, “Segment Results of Operations” for an explanation of the results.

47


 

 

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased 7.6% to $747.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $694.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, total operating expenses would have increased 7.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.

The following table presents operating expenses by activity for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues

 

$

287,335

 

 

$

273,681

 

 

$

13,654

 

 

 

5.0

%

Selling and marketing

 

 

192,923

 

 

 

177,121

 

 

 

15,802

 

 

 

8.9

%

Research and development

 

 

81,411

 

 

 

75,849

 

 

 

5,562

 

 

 

7.3

%

General and administrative

 

 

99,882

 

 

 

87,764

 

 

 

12,118

 

 

 

13.8

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

9,642

 

 

 

21.6

%

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

(4,094

)

 

 

(11.6

%)

Total operating expenses

 

$

747,086

 

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

52,684

 

 

 

7.6

%

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 5.0% to $287.3 million compared to $273.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, reflecting increases across all reportable segments. The change was driven by increases in compensation and benefits costs, primarily relating to benefits, incentive compensation and wages and salaries, as well as increases in non-compensation costs, including professional fees, market data costs, miscellaneous expenses and information technology costs.  

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 8.9% to $192.9 million compared to $177.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, reflecting increases in the Index and All Other segments. The change was driven by increases in compensation and benefits costs, as well as increases in non-compensation costs, including marketing and occupancy costs, partially offset by lower miscellaneous expenses.

Research and Development

R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 7.3% to $81.4 million compared to $75.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, reflecting higher investments across all reportable segments. The change was driven by increases in compensation and benefits costs, primarily relating to incentive compensation, benefits, and wages and salaries, as well as increases in non-compensation costs, including information technology, occupancy and travel and entertainment costs and professional fees.  

General and Administrative

G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 13.8% to $99.9 million compared to $87.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, reflecting increases across all reportable segments. The change was driven by increases in non-compensation costs primarily relating to professional fees, non-income taxes and miscellaneous fees, as well as increases in compensation and benefits costs, primarily due to higher wages and salaries, incentive compensation and benefits.  

48


The following table presents operating expenses using compensation and non-compensation categories, rather than using activity categories, for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Compensation and benefits

 

$

471,655

 

 

$

440,307

 

 

$

31,348

 

 

 

7.1

%

Non-compensation expenses

 

 

189,896

 

 

 

174,108

 

 

 

15,788

 

 

 

9.1

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

9,642

 

 

 

21.6

%

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

(4,094

)

 

 

(11.6

%)

Total operating expenses

 

$

747,086

 

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

52,684

 

 

 

7.6

%

 

Compensation and benefits costs are our most significant expense and typically represent more than 60% of operating expenses or more than 70% of Adjusted EBITDA expenses. We had 3,112 employees as of December 31, 2018 compared to 3,038 employees as of December 31, 2017, reflecting a 2.4% growth in the number of employees. Continued growth of our emerging market centers around the world is an important factor in our ability to manage and control the growth of our compensation and benefits costs. As of December 31, 2018, 61.4% of our employees were located in emerging market centers compared to 59.0% as of December 31, 2017.

Compensation and benefits costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 7.1% to $471.7 million compared to $440.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by increases in incentive compensation, wages and salaries and benefits, partially offset by lower severance.

Non-compensation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 9.1% to $189.9 million compared to $174.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by higher professional fees, information technology, market data, occupancy, non-income taxes and travel and entertainment costs and miscellaneous fees.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangible asset expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 21.6% to $54.2 million compared to $44.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase during the year was due to a $7.9 million non-cash charge related to the write-off of the IPD tradename used by the Real Estate segment, as well as higher amortization of capitalized software development costs released into production, partially offset by other intangible assets becoming fully amortized.

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased 11.6% to $31.3 million compared to $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily the result of certain storage and data center assets becoming fully depreciated.

Other Expense (Income), Net

Other expense (income), net for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased 49.5% to $57.0 million compared to $112.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily reflecting the impact of the $10.6 million and $46.6 million gains realized from the FEA and InvestorForce divestitures, respectively. In addition, higher interest expense associated with higher outstanding debt, was partially offset by higher interest income associated with higher yields on higher cash balances.

49


Income Taxes

The provision for income tax expense decreased 25.1% to $122.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $162.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily relating to the year-over-year change of $45.7 million attributed to Tax Reform. In addition, the Company benefited from a lower U.S. statutory tax rate of 21.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 35.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017, as well as tax planning to reduce withholding taxes on repatriation of foreign earnings. These amounts reflect effective tax rates of 19.4% and 34.9% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  

Included in the effective tax rate of 19.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 is a 1.8 percentage point benefit related to Tax Reform, a 6.9 percentage point benefit related to the reduction in the operating tax rate and a 1.9 percentage point benefit as a result of tax planning and other miscellaneous favorable discrete items.

Net Income

As a result of the factors described above, net income for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 67.1% to $507.9 million compared to $304.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA

The following table presents the calculation of the non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA measure for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

159,812

 

 

 

12.5

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

661,551

 

 

 

614,415

 

 

 

47,136

 

 

 

7.7

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

772,433

 

 

$

659,757

 

 

$

112,676

 

 

 

17.1

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

53.9

%

 

 

51.8

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating margin %

 

 

47.9

%

 

 

45.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA increased 17.1% to $772.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $659.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 53.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 51.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The improvement in margin reflects a higher rate of growth in operating revenues, primarily attributable to the Index segment, as compared to the rate of growth of Adjusted EBITDA expenses.

50


Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA Expenses to Operating Expenses

The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Index Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

607,853

 

 

$

522,241

 

 

$

85,612

 

 

 

16.4

%

Analytics Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

143,645

 

 

 

125,624

 

 

 

18,021

 

 

 

14.3

%

All Other Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

20,935

 

 

 

11,892

 

 

 

9,043

 

 

 

76.0

%

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

772,433

 

 

 

659,757

 

 

 

112,676

 

 

 

17.1

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

9,642

 

 

 

21.6

%

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

(4,094

)

 

 

(11.6

%)

Operating income

 

 

686,898

 

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

107,128

 

 

 

18.5

%

Other expense (income), net

 

 

57,002

 

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

(55,869

)

 

 

(49.5

%)

Provision for income taxes

 

 

122,011

 

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

(40,916

)

 

 

(25.1

%)

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

203,913

 

 

 

67.1

%

 

The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA expenses to operating expenses for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Index Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

$

227,622

 

 

$

196,718

 

 

$

30,904

 

 

 

15.7

%

Analytics Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

336,294

 

 

 

332,645

 

 

 

3,649

 

 

 

1.1

%

All Other Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

97,635

 

 

 

85,052

 

 

 

12,583

 

 

 

14.8

%

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

661,551

 

 

 

614,415

 

 

 

47,136

 

 

 

7.7

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

9,642

 

 

 

21.6

%

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

(4,094

)

 

 

(11.6

%)

Total operating expenses

 

$

747,086

 

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

52,684

 

 

 

7.6

%

 

 

Segment Results

The results for each of our three reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented below:

51


Index Segment

The following table presents the results for the Index segment for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

477,612

 

 

$

427,289

 

 

$

50,323

 

 

 

11.8

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

336,565

 

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

60,473

 

 

 

21.9

%

Non-recurring

 

 

21,298

 

 

 

15,578

 

 

 

5,720

 

 

 

36.7

%

Operating revenues total

 

 

835,475

 

 

 

718,959

 

 

 

116,516

 

 

 

16.2

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

227,622

 

 

 

196,718

 

 

 

30,904

 

 

 

15.7

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

607,853

 

 

$

522,241

 

 

$

85,612

 

 

 

16.4

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

72.8

%

 

 

72.6

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Revenues related to Index products increased 16.2% to $835.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $719.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Revenues from recurring subscriptions were up 11.8% to $477.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $427.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was driven by growth in core products and strong growth in factor and ESG indexes and custom and specialized index products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recurring subscriptions would have increased 11.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.

Revenues from asset-based fees increased 21.9% to $336.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $276.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in asset-based fees was driven by strong growth across all types of index-linked investment products, including a $34.7 million, or 18.2%, increase in revenue from ETFs linked to MSCI indexes, which was driven by a 21.9% increase in average AUM, partially offset by the impact of a change in product mix. In addition, revenue from non-ETF passive products grew $22.0 million, or 30.3%, primarily driven by higher AUM and an increased contribution from higher-fee products. Revenues from exchange traded futures and options contracts based on MSCI indexes grew $3.8 million, or 28.2%, driven, in part, by an increase in total trading volumes. The impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on revenues from asset-based fees was negligible.

Index segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 15.7% to $227.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $196.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, reflecting higher expenses across all expense activity categories to fund current and future revenue growth. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Adjusted EBITDA expenses would have increased 15.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.  

52


Analytics Segment

The following table presents the results for the Analytics segment for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

474,334

 

 

$

452,253

 

 

$

22,081

 

 

 

4.9

%

Non-recurring

 

 

5,605

 

 

 

6,016

 

 

 

(411

)

 

 

(6.8

%)

Operating revenues total

 

 

479,939

 

 

 

458,269

 

 

 

21,670

 

 

 

4.7

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

336,294

 

 

 

332,645

 

 

 

3,649

 

 

 

1.1

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

143,645

 

 

$

125,624

 

 

$

18,021

 

 

 

14.3

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

29.9

%

 

 

27.4

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analytics segment revenues increased 4.7% to $479.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $458.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by growth in both Equity and Multi-Asset Class Analytics products, partially offset by declines in Energy and Commodity Analytics products, resulting from the FEA divestiture, and declines from the divestiture of InvestorForce. Adjusting for foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Analytics segment revenues would have increased 4.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Adjusting for foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and excluding the impact of the divestiture of InvestorForce and FEA, Analytics segment revenues would have increased 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.

Analytics segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 1.1% to $336.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $332.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily reflecting higher expenses across the G&A and R&D expense activity categories. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Adjusted EBITDA expenses would have increased 0.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.

All Other Segment

The following table presents the results for the All Other segment, which consists of the ESG and Real Estate product lines, for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

114,590

 

 

$

93,481

 

 

$

21,109

 

 

 

22.6

%

Non-recurring

 

 

3,980

 

 

 

3,463

 

 

 

517

 

 

 

14.9

%

Operating revenues total

 

 

118,570

 

 

 

96,944

 

 

 

21,626

 

 

 

22.3

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

97,635

 

 

 

85,052

 

 

 

12,583

 

 

 

14.8

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

20,935

 

 

$

11,892

 

 

$

9,043

 

 

 

76.0

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

17.7

%

 

 

12.3

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Other segment revenues increased 22.3% to $118.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $96.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in All Other revenues was driven by a $16.6 million, or 30.2%, increase in ESG revenues to $71.4 million, and a $5.1 million, or 12.0%, increase in Real Estate revenues to $47.2 million. The increase in ESG revenues was driven by strong growth in ESG Ratings product revenues. The increase in Real Estate revenues was primarily driven by higher revenues from Enterprise Analytics and Market Information products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, ESG revenues would have increased 30.4%, Real Estate revenues would have increased 8.3% and All Other operating

53


revenues would have increased 20.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.    

All Other segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 14.8% to $97.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $85.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by higher expenses attributable to both ESG and Real Estate operations. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Adjusted EBITDA expenses would have increased 14.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

The following table presents the results of operations for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

$

123,503

 

 

 

10.7

%

Operating expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues

 

 

273,681

 

 

 

252,107

 

 

 

21,574

 

 

 

8.6

%

Selling and marketing

 

 

177,121

 

 

 

166,666

 

 

 

10,455

 

 

 

6.3

%

Research and development

 

 

75,849

 

 

 

75,204

 

 

 

645

 

 

 

0.9

%

General and administrative

 

 

87,764

 

 

 

87,235

 

 

 

529

 

 

 

0.6

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

 

 

(2,486

)

 

 

(5.3

%)

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

 

 

1,120

 

 

 

3.3

%

Total operating expenses

 

 

694,402

 

 

 

662,565

 

 

 

31,837

 

 

 

4.8

%

Operating income

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

488,104

 

 

 

91,666

 

 

 

18.8

%

Other expense (income), net

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

102,166

 

 

 

10,705

 

 

 

10.5

%

Income before provision for income taxes

 

 

466,899

 

 

 

385,938

 

 

 

80,961

 

 

 

21.0

%

Provision for income taxes

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

125,083

 

 

 

37,844

 

 

 

30.3

%

Income from continuing operations

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

$

43,117

 

 

 

16.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.72

 

 

$

0.64

 

 

 

23.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.70

 

 

$

0.61

 

 

 

22.6

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating margin

 

 

45.5

%

 

 

42.4

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating Revenues

The following table presents operating revenues by recurring subscriptions, asset-based fees and non-recurring revenues for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

973,023

 

 

$

913,668

 

 

$

59,355

 

 

 

6.5

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

210,229

 

 

 

65,863

 

 

 

31.3

%

Non-recurring

 

 

25,057

 

 

 

26,772

 

 

 

(1,715

)

 

 

(6.4

%)

Total operating revenues

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

$

123,503

 

 

 

10.7

%

54


 

Total operating revenues grew 10.7% to $1,274.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $1,150.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, total operating revenues would have increased 11.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenue from recurring subscriptions increased 6.5% to $973.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $913.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by growth in Index products, which increased $37.9 million, or 9.7%. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recurring subscription revenues would have increased 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenues from asset-based fees increased 31.3% to $276.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $210.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in asset-based fees was driven by several items, including a $48.2 million, or 33.9%, growth in revenue from ETFs linked to MSCI indexes, which was driven by a 39.2% increase in average AUM, partially offset by the impact of a change in the product mix. In addition, revenue from non-ETF passive products grew $14.0 million, or 23.8%, driven by higher AUM and an increased contribution from higher fee products. Revenues from exchange traded futures and options contracts based on MSCI indexes also grew $3.7 million, or 38.8%, driven by a strong increase in total trading volumes and a more favorable product mix.

The following table presents the value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI indexes and the sequential change of such assets as of the end of each of the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Period Ended (1)

 

 

 

2016

 

 

2017

 

(in billions)

 

March 31,

 

 

June 30,

 

 

September 30,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

March 31,

 

 

June 30,

 

 

September 30,

 

 

December 31,

 

AUM in ETFs linked to

   MSCI indexes (2), (3)

 

$

438.3

 

 

$

439.7

 

 

$

474.9

 

 

$

481.4

 

 

$

555.7

 

 

$

624.3

 

 

$

674.3

 

 

$

744.3

 

Sequential Change in Value

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Market Appreciation/

   (Depreciation)

 

$

(1.7

)

 

$

(2.5

)

 

$

23.7

 

 

$

(8.7

)

 

$

35.8

 

 

$

23.6

 

 

$

32.2

 

 

$

32.0

 

Cash Inflows

 

 

6.6

 

 

 

3.9

 

 

 

11.5

 

 

 

15.2

 

 

 

38.5

 

 

 

45.0

 

 

 

17.8

 

 

 

38.0

 

Total Change

 

$

4.9

 

 

$

1.4

 

 

$

35.2

 

 

$

6.5

 

 

$

74.3

 

 

$

68.6

 

 

$

50.0

 

 

$

70.0

 

 

Source: Bloomberg and MSCI

(1)

The historical values of the assets in ETFs linked to our indexes as of the last day of the month and the monthly average balance can be found under the link “AUM in ETFs Linked to MSCI indexes” on our Investor Relations homepage at http://ir.msci.com. This information is updated on or about the second U.S. business day of each month. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report filed with the SEC.

(2)            The value of assets under management in ETFs linked to MSCI Indexes is calculated by multiplying the ETF net asset value by the number of shares outstanding.

(3)            The AUM in ETFs numbers also include AUM in Exchange Traded Notes, the value of which is less than 1.0% of the AUM amounts presented.

 

 

Year-to-Date Average (1)

 

 

 

2016

 

 

2017

 

 

 

March

 

 

June

 

 

September

 

 

December

 

 

March

 

 

June

 

 

September

 

 

December

 

AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI Indexes

 

$

407.9

 

 

$

423.5

 

 

$

438.1

 

 

$

446.4

 

 

$

524.1

 

 

$

559.5

 

 

$

591.1

 

 

$

621.4

 

______________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Bloomberg and MSCI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1)          For additional information on AUM amounts presented in this table, please refer to the footnotes in the table presenting AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI equity indexes  for "Period Ended" in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsResults of Operations—Operating Revenues."

 

 

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the average value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI equity indexes was $621.4 billion, up $175.0 billion, or 39.2%, from $446.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2016.

55


Non-recurring revenues decreased 6.4% to $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily resulting from lower one-time sales of Analytics products.

The following table presents operating revenues by reportable segment and revenue type for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

427,289

 

 

$

389,348

 

 

$

37,941

 

 

 

9.7

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

210,229

 

 

 

65,863

 

 

 

31.3

%

Non-recurring

 

 

15,578

 

 

 

13,974

 

 

 

1,604

 

 

 

11.5

%

Index total

 

 

718,959

 

 

 

613,551

 

 

 

105,408

 

 

 

17.2

%

Analytics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

 

452,253

 

 

 

439,864

 

 

 

12,389

 

 

 

2.8

%

Non-recurring

 

 

6,016

 

 

 

8,489

 

 

 

(2,473

)

 

 

(29.1

%)

Analytics total

 

 

458,269

 

 

 

448,353

 

 

 

9,916

 

 

 

2.2

%

All Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

 

93,481

 

 

 

84,456

 

 

 

9,025

 

 

 

10.7

%

Non-recurring

 

 

3,463

 

 

 

4,309

 

 

 

(846

)

 

 

(19.6

%)

All Other total

 

 

96,944

 

 

 

88,765

 

 

 

8,179

 

 

 

9.2

%

Total operating revenues

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

$

123,503

 

 

 

10.7

%

 

Refer to the section titled, “Segment Results of Operations” for an explanation of the results.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased 4.8% to $694.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $662.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, operating expenses would have increased 5.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

The following table presents operating expenses by activity for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues

 

$

273,681

 

 

$

252,107

 

 

$

21,574

 

 

 

8.6

%

Selling and marketing

 

 

177,121

 

 

 

166,666

 

 

 

10,455

 

 

 

6.3

%

Research and development

 

 

75,849

 

 

 

75,204

 

 

 

645

 

 

 

0.9

%

General and administrative

 

 

87,764

 

 

 

87,235

 

 

 

529

 

 

 

0.6

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

 

 

(2,486

)

 

 

(5.3

%)

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

 

 

1,120

 

 

 

3.3

%

Total operating expenses

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

662,565

 

 

$

31,837

 

 

 

4.8

%

56


Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 8.6% to $273.7 million compared to $252.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, reflecting increases across all three reportable segments. The change was driven by increases in compensation and benefit costs, primarily relating to wages and salaries, severance and incentive compensation, as well as higher non-compensation information technology costs, market data costs, occupancy costs, personnel related costs and travel and entertainment costs.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 6.3% to $177.1 million compared to $166.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, reflecting increases in the Index and All Other segments. The change was driven by an overall increase in compensation and benefit costs, relating to incentive compensation, severance, wages and salaries and benefits, as well as higher non-compensation marketing costs and travel and entertainment costs.

Research and Development

R&D expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 0.9% to $75.9 million compared to $75.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, reflecting higher investments in the Analytics segment and ESG within the All Other segment, offset by decreases in the Index segment. The change was driven by higher non-compensation information technology costs partially offset by lower occupancy costs.

General and Administrative

G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 0.6% to $87.8 million compared to $87.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, driven by higher costs in the Index segment partially offset by lower costs in Real Estate within the All Other segment. The change was driven by an increase in compensation and benefits costs, primarily relating to an increase in wages and salaries and benefits, partially offset by a decrease in severance, as well as the impact of lower non-compensation professional fees.

The following table presents operating expenses using compensation and non-compensation categories, rather than using activity categories, for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Compensation and benefits

 

$

440,307

 

 

$

414,322

 

 

$

25,985

 

 

 

6.3

%

Non-compensation expenses

 

 

174,108

 

 

 

166,890

 

 

 

7,218

 

 

 

4.3

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

 

 

(2,486

)

 

 

(5.3

%)

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

 

 

1,120

 

 

 

3.3

%

Total operating expenses

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

662,565

 

 

$

31,837

 

 

 

4.8

%

 

Compensation and benefits costs are our most significant expense and typically represent more than 60% of our operating expenses or more than 70% of the combined total of the cost of revenues, selling and marketing, R&D and G&A expense categories. We had 3,038 employees as of December 31, 2017 compared to 2,862 employees as of December 31, 2016. Our continued growth in emerging market centers around the world is an important factor in our ability to manage and control the growth of our compensation and benefits expenses. As of December 31, 2017, 59.0% of our employees were located in emerging market centers compared to 56.2% of our employees as of December 31, 2016.

Compensation and benefits costs for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 6.3% to $440.3 million compared to $414.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by increases in wages and salaries, incentive compensation, severance and benefits.

57


Non-compensation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 4.3% to $174.1 million compared to $166.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by higher information technology, marketing, travel and entertainment and market data costs, partially offset by lower professional fees and recruiting costs.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangible asset expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased 5.3% to $44.5 million compared to $47.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease during the year was due to $5.5 million of lower amortization from intangibles associated with past acquisitions primarily related to certain intangible assets associated with the RiskMetrics acquisition becoming fully amortized, partially offset by $3.0 million of increased amortization of capitalized software development costs relating to new internally developed software implementations.

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 3.3% to $35.4 million compared to $34.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily the result of increased depreciation associated with continued investment in our data centers as well as increased software amortization relating to new system implementations.

Other Expense (Income), Net

Other expense (income), net for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 10.5% to $112.9 million compared to $102.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by $14.4 million of higher interest expense resulting from the increased level of indebtedness associated with the 2026 Senior Notes offering, partially offset by higher interest income associated with higher cash balances as well as the impact of a $3.7 million charge in 2016 related to estimated losses associated with miscellaneous transactions.

Income Taxes

The provision for income tax expense increased 30.3% to $162.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $125.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result of a net charge of $34.5 million related to Tax Reform discussed above and higher income before provision for income taxes. These amounts reflect effective tax rates of 34.9% and 32.4% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Included in the effective tax rate of 34.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 is 7.4 percentage points related to Tax Reform, with the remaining 27.5 percentage points related to the operating tax rate and other miscellaneous favorable discrete items. The ongoing efforts to better align our tax profile with our global operating footprint helped improve our operating tax rate. The discrete items included $5.7 million of stock-based compensation excess tax benefits related to the adoption of new accounting guidance that first impacted results during the year ended December 31, 2017. See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Standards Updates,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for more information.

Tax Reform significantly revises the future ongoing U.S. corporate income tax rate for U.S. corporations, reducing it from a maximum of 35.0% to a flat 21.0% effective beginning on January 1, 2018.

Net Income

As a result of the factors described above, net income for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 16.5% to $304.0 million compared to $260.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

58


Adjusted EBITDA

The following table presents the calculation of the non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA measure for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

$

123,503

 

 

 

10.7

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

614,415

 

 

 

581,212

 

 

 

33,203

 

 

 

5.7

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

659,757

 

 

$

569,457

 

 

$

90,300

 

 

 

15.9

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

51.8

%

 

 

49.5

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating margin %

 

 

45.5

%

 

 

42.4

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA increased 15.9% to $659.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $569.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 51.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 49.5% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The improvement in margin reflects a higher rate of growth in operating revenues, primarily attributable to strong operating results within the Index segment, as compared to the rate of growth of Adjusted EBITDA expenses.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA Expenses to Operating Expenses

The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Index Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

522,241

 

 

$

431,478

 

 

$

90,763

 

 

 

21.0

%

Analytics Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

125,624

 

 

 

128,507

 

 

 

(2,883

)

 

 

(2.2

%)

All Other Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

11,892

 

 

 

9,472

 

 

 

2,420

 

 

 

25.5

%

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

659,757

 

 

 

569,457

 

 

 

90,300

 

 

 

15.9

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

 

 

(2,486

)

 

 

(5.3

%)

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

 

 

1,120

 

 

 

3.3

%

Operating income

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

488,104

 

 

 

91,666

 

 

 

18.8

%

Other expense (income), net

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

102,166

 

 

 

10,705

 

 

 

10.5

%

Provision for income taxes

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

125,083

 

 

 

37,844

 

 

 

30.3

%

Net income

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

$

43,117

 

 

 

16.5

%

 

59


The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA expenses to operating expenses for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Index Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

$

196,718

 

 

$

182,073

 

 

$

14,645

 

 

 

8.0

%

Analytics Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

332,645

 

 

 

319,846

 

 

 

12,799

 

 

 

4.0

%

All Other Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

85,052

 

 

 

79,293

 

 

 

5,759

 

 

 

7.3

%

Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

614,415

 

 

 

581,212

 

 

 

33,203

 

 

 

5.7

%

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

 

 

(2,486

)

 

 

(5.3

%)

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

 

 

1,120

 

 

 

3.3

%

Total operating expenses

 

$

694,402

 

 

$

662,565

 

 

$

31,837

 

 

 

4.8

%

 

Segment Results

The results for each of our three reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are presented below:

Index Segment

The following table presents the results for the Index segment for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

427,289

 

 

$

389,348

 

 

$

37,941

 

 

 

9.7

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

276,092

 

 

 

210,229

 

 

 

65,863

 

 

 

31.3

%

Non-recurring

 

 

15,578

 

 

 

13,974

 

 

 

1,604

 

 

 

11.5

%

Operating revenues total

 

 

718,959

 

 

 

613,551

 

 

 

105,408

 

 

 

17.2

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

196,718

 

 

 

182,073

 

 

 

14,645

 

 

 

8.0

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

522,241

 

 

$

431,478

 

 

$

90,763

 

 

 

21.0

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

72.6

%

 

 

70.3

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Revenues related to Index products increased 17.2% to $719.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $613.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenues from recurring subscriptions were up 9.7% to $427.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $389.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily driven by strong growth in core products, growth in new products, including factor and ESG indexes, as well as growth in custom index products.

Revenues from asset-based fees increased 31.3% to $276.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $210.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in asset-based fees was driven by several items, including a $48.2 million, or 33.9%, growth in revenue from ETFs linked to MSCI indexes, which was driven by a 39.2% increase in average AUM, partially offset by the impact of a change in the product mix. In addition, revenue from non-ETF passive products grew $14.0 million, or 23.8%, driven by higher AUM and an increased contribution from higher fee products. Revenues from exchange traded futures and options contracts based on MSCI indexes also grew $3.7 million, or 38.8%, driven by a strong increase in total trading volumes and a more favorable product mix.

60


Index segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 8.0% to $196.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $182.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily reflecting higher cost of revenues and selling and marketing expenses associated with stronger operating performance and growth in the product line. Partially offsetting these increases were lower R&D expenses associated with higher allocations and investments in the prior year. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Adjusted EBITDA expenses would have increased 8.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

Analytics Segment

The following table presents the results for the Analytics segment for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

452,253

 

 

$

439,864

 

 

$

12,389

 

 

 

2.8

%

Non-recurring

 

 

6,016

 

 

 

8,489

 

 

 

(2,473

)

 

 

(29.1

%)

Operating revenues total

 

 

458,269

 

 

 

448,353

 

 

 

9,916

 

 

 

2.2

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

332,645

 

 

 

319,846

 

 

 

12,799

 

 

 

4.0

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

125,624

 

 

$

128,507

 

 

$

(2,883

)

 

 

(2.2

%)

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

27.4

%

 

 

28.7

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analytics segment revenues increased 2.2% to $458.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $448.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by growth in both Equity and Multi-Asset Class Analytics products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Analytics segment revenues would have increased 2.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

Analytics segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 4.0% to $332.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $319.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by higher R&D expenses associated with investments in the MSCI Analytics Platform and Fixed Income and Multi-Asset Class offerings, as well as higher cost of revenues.

All Other Segment

The following table presents the results for the All Other segment, which consists of the ESG and Real Estate product lines, for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

Increase/(Decrease)

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

93,481

 

 

$

84,457

 

 

$

9,024

 

 

 

10.7

%

Non-recurring

 

 

3,463

 

 

 

4,308

 

 

 

(845

)

 

 

(19.6

%)

Operating revenues total

 

 

96,944

 

 

 

88,765

 

 

 

8,179

 

 

 

9.2

%

Adjusted EBITDA expenses

 

 

85,052

 

 

 

79,293

 

 

 

5,759

 

 

 

7.3

%

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

11,892

 

 

$

9,472

 

 

$

2,420

 

 

 

25.5

%

Adjusted EBITDA margin %

 

 

12.3

%

 

 

10.7

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All Other segment revenues increased 9.2% to $96.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $88.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in All Other revenues was driven by a 21.8% increase in ESG revenues to $54.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in Real Estate revenues of 3.8% to $42.1

61


million. The increase in ESG revenues was driven by higher ESG Ratings product revenues, which benefited from increased investments. The decrease in Real Estate revenues was driven by lower revenues from Portfolio Analysis Service products, partially offset by an increase in revenues from Market Information products. Adjusted for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and the divestiture of the Real Estate occupiers business, Real Estate revenues increased 0.3% and All Other operating revenues increased 11.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

All Other segment Adjusted EBITDA expenses increased 7.3% to $85.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $79.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily driven by higher cost of revenues attributable to ESG operations, partially offset by lower general and administrative and selling and marketing costs attributable to Real Estate operations. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Adjusted EBITDA expenses would have increased 7.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

 

Operating Metrics

Run Rate

“Run Rate” estimates at a particular point in time the annualized value of the recurring revenues under our client license agreements (“Client Contracts”) for the next 12 months, assuming all Client Contracts that come up for renewal are renewed and assuming then-current currency exchange rates, subject to the adjustments and exclusions described below.  For any Client Contract where fees are linked to an investment product’s assets or trading volume/fees, the Run Rate calculation reflects, for ETFs, the market value on the last trading day of the period, for futures and options, the most recent quarterly volumes and/or reported exchange fees, and for other non-ETF products, the most recent client-reported assets. Run Rate does not include fees associated with “one-time” and other non-recurring transactions.  In addition, we add to Run Rate the annualized fee value of recurring new sales, whether to existing or new clients, when we execute Client Contracts, even though the license start date, and associated revenue recognition, may not be effective until a later date.  We remove from Run Rate the annualized fee value associated with products or services under any Client Contract with respect to which we have received a notice of termination or non-renewal during the period and have determined that such notice evidences the client’s final decision to terminate or not renew the applicable products or services, even though such notice is not effective until a later date.

Changes in our recurring revenues typically lag changes in Run Rate. The actual amount of recurring revenues we will realize over the following 12 months will differ from Run Rate for numerous reasons, including:

 

fluctuations in revenues associated with new recurring sales;

 

modifications, cancellations and non-renewals of existing Client Contracts, subject to specified notice requirements;

 

differences between the recurring license start date and the date the Client Contract is executed due to, for example, contracts with onboarding periods;

 

fluctuations in asset-based fees, which may result from changes in certain investment products’ total expense ratios, market movements, including foreign currency exchange rates, or from investment inflows into and outflows from investment products linked to our indexes;

 

fluctuations in fees based on trading volumes of futures and options contracts linked to our indexes;

 

fluctuations in the number of hedge funds for which we provide investment information and risk analysis to hedge fund investors;

 

price changes;

 

revenue recognition differences under U.S. GAAP, including those related to the timing of implementation and report deliveries for certain of our products and services;

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fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; and

 

the impact of acquisitions and divestitures.

The following table presents Run Rates by reportable segment as of the dates indicated and the growth percentages over the years indicated:

 

 

 

As of

 

 

Comparison of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

 

2016

 

 

2018 to 2017

 

 

2017 to 2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

502,665

 

 

$

451,048

 

 

$

406,729

 

 

 

11.4

%

 

 

10.9

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

311,908

 

 

 

316,812

 

 

 

216,982

 

 

 

(1.5

%)

 

 

46.0

%

Index total

 

 

814,573

 

 

 

767,860

 

 

 

623,711

 

 

 

6.1

%

 

 

23.1

%

Analytics

 

 

491,861

 

 

 

489,451

 

 

 

451,533

 

 

 

0.5

%

 

 

8.4

%

All Other

 

 

124,886

 

 

 

108,413

 

 

 

88,074

 

 

 

15.2

%

 

 

23.1

%

Total Run Rate

 

$

1,431,320

 

 

$

1,365,724

 

 

$

1,163,318

 

 

 

4.8

%

 

 

17.4

%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions total

 

$

1,119,412

 

 

$

1,048,912

 

 

$

946,336

 

 

 

6.7

%

 

 

10.8

%

Asset-based fees

 

 

311,908

 

 

 

316,812

 

 

 

216,982

 

 

 

(1.5

%)

 

 

46.0

%

Total Run Rate

 

$

1,431,320

 

 

$

1,365,724

 

 

$

1,163,318

 

 

 

4.8

%

 

 

17.4

%

 

December 31, 2018 Compared to December 31, 2017

Total Run Rate grew 4.8% to $1,431.3 million as of December 31, 2018 compared to $1,365.7 million as of December 31, 2017. Recurring subscription Run Rate grew 6.7% to $1,119.4 million as of December 31, 2018 compared to $1,048.9 million as of December 31, 2017. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recurring subscription Run Rate would have increased 7.3% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017.

Run Rate from asset-based fees decreased 1.5% to $311.9 million as of December 31, 2018, from $316.8 million as of December 31, 2017, primarily driven by lower AUM in ETFs, partially offset by increases in non-ETF passive funds and futures and options contracts, all linked to MSCI indexes. As of December 31, 2018, the value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI indexes was $695.6 billion, down $48.7 billion, or 6.5%, from $744.3 billion as of December 31, 2017. The decrease of $48.7 billion consisted of market depreciation of asset values of $110.2 billion, partially offset by net inflows of $61.5 billion.

Index recurring subscription Run Rate grew 11.4% to $502.7 million as of December 31, 2018 compared to $451.0 million as of December 31, 2017, driven by growth in core products, factor and ESG indexes and custom and specialized index products and growth in the asset owners, hedge fund and wealth management client segments.  

Run Rate from Analytics products increased 0.5% to $491.9 million as of December 31, 2018 compared to $489.5 million as of December 31, 2017, primarily driven by growth in both Multi-Asset Class and Equity Analytics products, partially offset by the removal of Run Rate associated with FEA, which was divested in April 2018 and InvestorForce, which was divested in October 2018. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Analytics Run Rate would have increased 1.0% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and excluding the impact of the divestitures of InvestorForce and FEA, Analytics Run Rate would have increased 6.5% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017.  

Run Rate from All Other products increased 15.2% to $124.9 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $108.4 million at December 31, 2017. The $16.5 million increase was primarily driven by a $14.8 million, or 23.0%, increase in ESG Run Rate to $79.5 million, and a $1.6 million, or 3.7%, increase in Real Estate Run Rate to $45.4 million. The increase in ESG Run Rate was primarily driven by strong growth in ESG Ratings products and an

63


increase in ESG Screening products. The increase in Real Estate Run Rate was primarily driven by growth in Market Information products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, ESG Run Rate would have increased 25.1%, Real Estate Run Rate would have increased 8.9% and All Other Run Rate would have increased 18.6%, in each case, as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017.

December 31, 2017 Compared to December 31, 2016

Total Run Rate grew 17.4% to $1,365.7 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to $1,163.3 million as of December 31, 2016. Recurring subscription Run Rate grew 10.8% to $1,048.9 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to $946.3 million as of December 31, 2016. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recurring subscription Run Rate would have increased 9.5% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016.

Run Rate from asset-based fees increased 46.0% to $316.8 million as of December 31, 2017, from $217.0 million as of December 31, 2016, primarily driven by higher AUM in ETFs as well as increases in non-ETF passive funds and futures and options contracts, all linked to MSCI indexes. As of December 31, 2017, the value of AUM in ETFs linked to MSCI indexes was $744.3 billion, up $262.9 billion, or 54.6%, from $481.4 billion as of December 31, 2016. The increase of $262.9 billion consisted of net inflows of $139.3 billion and market appreciation of $123.6 billion.

Index recurring subscription Run Rate grew 10.9% to $451.0 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to $406.7 million as of December 31, 2016, driven by strong growth in core products, growth in new products, including factor and ESG indexes, as well as growth in custom index products.

Run Rate from Analytics products increased 8.4% to $489.5 million as of December 31, 2017 compared to $451.5 million as of December 31, 2016, primarily driven by growth in both Multi-Asset Class and Equity Analytics products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, Analytics Run Rate would have increased 6.8% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016.

Run Rate from All Other products increased 23.1% to $108.4 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $88.1 million at December 31, 2016, driven by a $15.5 million, or 31.5%, increase in ESG Run Rate to $64.6 million and a $4.9 million, or 12.5%, increase in Real Estate Run Rate to $43.8 million. The increase in ESG Run Rate was primarily driven by growth in ESG Ratings products. The increase in Real Estate Run Rate was primarily driven by growth in Market Information and Portfolio Analysis Service products. Adjusting for the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, ESG Run Rate would have increased 27.3%, Real Estate Run Rate would have increased 3.8% and All Other Run Rate would have increased 16.9%, in each case, as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016.  

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Subscription Sales

The following table presents our recurring subscription sales, cancellations and non-recurring sales by reportable segment for the years indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

Comparison of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

2018 to 2017

 

 

2017 to 2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New recurring subscription sales

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

$

72,660

 

 

$

61,308

 

 

$

55,279

 

 

 

18.5

%

 

 

10.9

%

Analytics

 

 

64,986

 

 

 

64,177

 

 

 

55,255

 

 

 

1.3

%

 

 

16.1

%

All Other

 

 

26,201

 

 

 

22,544

 

 

 

19,978

 

 

 

16.2

%

 

 

12.8

%

New recurring subscription sales total

 

 

163,847

 

 

 

148,029

 

 

 

130,512

 

 

 

10.7

%

 

 

13.4

%

Subscription cancellations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

(20,819

)

 

 

(16,995

)

 

 

(17,417

)

 

 

22.5

%

 

 

(2.4

%)

Analytics

 

 

(33,671

)

 

 

(33,674

)

 

 

(39,205

)

 

 

(0.0

%)

 

 

(14.1

%)

All Other

 

 

(6,421

)

 

 

(7,717

)

 

 

(8,288

)

 

 

(16.8

%)

 

 

(6.9

%)

Subscription cancellations total

 

 

(60,911

)

 

 

(58,386

)

 

 

(64,910

)

 

 

4.3

%

 

 

(10.1

%)

Net new recurring subscription sales

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

51,841

 

 

 

44,313

 

 

 

37,862

 

 

 

17.0

%

 

 

17.0

%

Analytics

 

 

31,315

 

 

 

30,503

 

 

 

16,050

 

 

 

2.7

%

 

 

90.0

%

All Other

 

 

19,780

 

 

 

14,827

 

 

 

11,690

 

 

 

33.4

%

 

 

26.8

%

Net new recurring subscription sales total

 

 

102,936

 

 

 

89,643

 

 

 

65,602

 

 

 

14.8

%

 

 

36.6

%

Non-recurring sales

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

22,729

 

 

 

16,310

 

 

 

17,850

 

 

 

39.4

%

 

 

(8.6

%)

Analytics

 

 

10,209

 

 

 

10,306

 

 

 

8,830

 

 

 

(0.9

%)

 

 

16.7

%

All Other

 

 

3,438

 

 

 

3,875

 

 

 

4,247

 

 

 

(11.3

%)

 

 

(8.8

%)

Non-recurring sales total

 

 

36,376

 

 

 

30,491

 

 

 

30,927

 

 

 

19.3

%

 

 

(1.4

%)

Gross sales

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

$

95,389

 

 

$

77,618

 

 

$

73,129

 

 

 

22.9

%

 

 

6.1

%

Analytics

 

 

75,195

 

 

 

74,483

 

 

 

64,085

 

 

 

1.0

%

 

 

16.2

%

All Other

 

 

29,639

 

 

 

26,419

 

 

 

24,225

 

 

 

12.2

%

 

 

9.1

%

Total gross sales

 

$

200,223

 

 

$

178,520

 

 

$

161,439

 

 

 

12.2

%

 

 

10.6

%

Net sales

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

$

74,570

 

 

$

60,623

 

 

$

55,712

 

 

 

23.0

%

 

 

8.8

%

Analytics

 

 

41,524

 

 

 

40,809

 

 

 

24,880

 

 

 

1.8

%

 

 

64.0

%

All Other

 

 

23,218

 

 

 

18,702

 

 

 

15,937

 

 

 

24.1

%

 

 

17.3

%

Total net sales

 

$

139,312

 

 

$

120,134

 

 

$

96,529

 

 

 

16.0

%

 

 

24.5

%

 

Retention Rate

Another key metric is our “Retention Rate.” The following table presents our Retention Rate by reportable segment and product category for the periods indicated for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

65


 

 

 

Index

 

 

Analytics

 

 

All Other

 

 

Total

 

2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

 

96.4

%

 

 

93.0

%

 

 

94.4

%

 

 

94.6

%

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

95.9

%

 

 

92.1

%

 

 

94.9

%

 

 

94.1

%

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

96.1

%

 

 

94.1

%

 

 

94.3

%

 

 

95.0

%

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

 

93.2

%

 

 

92.7

%

 

 

92.8

%

 

 

92.9

%

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

95.4

%

 

 

93.0

%

 

 

94.1

%

 

 

94.1

%

2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

 

96.9

%

 

 

93.3

%

 

 

92.4

%

 

 

94.7

%

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

97.0

%

 

 

93.9

%

 

 

90.8

%

 

 

94.9

%

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

95.5

%

 

 

93.4

%

 

 

90.7

%

 

 

94.0

%

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

 

93.9

%

 

 

89.7

%

 

 

91.1

%

 

 

91.6

%

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

95.8

%

 

 

92.5

%

 

 

91.2

%

 

 

93.8

%

2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

 

96.3

%

 

 

94.6

%

 

 

92.2

%

 

 

95.1

%

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

95.6

%

 

 

91.7

%

 

 

89.2

%

 

 

93.1

%

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

95.8

%

 

 

90.4

%

 

 

90.8

%

 

 

92.7

%

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

 

93.4

%

 

 

87.4

%

 

 

87.8

%

 

 

89.9

%

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

95.3

%

 

 

91.0

%

 

 

90.0

%

 

 

92.7

%

 

Retention Rate is an important metric because subscription cancellations decrease our Run Rate and ultimately our operating revenues over time. The annual Retention Rate represents the retained subscription Run Rate (subscription Run Rate at the beginning of the fiscal year less actual cancels during the year) as a percentage of the subscription Run Rate at the beginning of the fiscal year.

The Retention Rate for a non-annual period is calculated by annualizing the cancellations for which we have received a notice of termination or for which we believe there is an intention not to renew during the non-annual period, and we believe that such notice or intention evidences the client’s final decision to terminate or not renew the applicable agreement, even though such notice is not effective until a later date. This annualized cancellation figure is then divided by the subscription Run Rate at the beginning of the fiscal year to calculate a cancellation rate. This cancellation rate is then subtracted from 100% to derive the annualized Retention Rate for the period.  

For example, in the fourth quarter of 2018, we recorded cancellations of $18.2 million. To derive the Retention Rate for the fourth quarter, we annualized the actual cancellations during the quarter of $18.2 million to derive $72.7 million of annualized cancellations. This $72.7 million was then divided by the $1,048.9 million subscription Run Rate at the beginning of the year to derive a cancellation rate of 6.9%. The 6.9% was then subtracted from 100.0% to derive a Retention Rate of 93.1% for the fourth quarter.

Retention Rate is computed by operating segment on a product/service-by-product/service basis. In general, if a client reduces the number of products or services to which it subscribes within a segment, or switches between products or services within a segment, we treat it as a cancellation for purposes of calculating our Retention Rate except in the case of a product or service switch that management considers to be a replacement product or service. In those replacement cases, only the net change to the client subscription, if a decrease, is reported as a cancel.  In the Analytics and the ESG segments, substantially all product or service switches are treated as replacement products or services and netted in this manner, while in our Index and Real Estate segments, product or service switches that are treated as replacement products or services and receive netting treatment occur only in certain limited instances. In addition, we treat any reduction in fees resulting from a down-sale of the same product or service as a cancellation to the extent of the reduction. We do not calculate Retention Rate for that portion of our Run Rate attributable to assets in index-linked investment products or futures and options contracts, in each case, linked to our indexes.  

This definition of Retention Rate was revised and was previously provided in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 3, 2018 to describe our methodology for calculating cancellations. We believe this

66


methodology has been applied in all material respects in calculating cancellation rates reported in the periods prior to the quarter ended June 30, 2018, and accordingly, we do not believe changes to those previously reported cancellation rates are required.  

For the year ended December 31, 2018, 29.8% of our cancellations occurred in the fourth quarter. Historically, the Retention Rate has generally been higher during the first three quarters and lower in the fourth quarter, as the fourth quarter is traditionally the largest renewal period in the year.

 

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We require capital to fund ongoing operations, internal growth initiatives and acquisitions. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from our operations, existing cash and cash equivalents and credit capacity under our existing credit facilities. In addition, we believe we have access to additional funding in the public and private markets. We intend to use these sources of liquidity to, among other things, service our existing and future debt obligations and fund our working capital requirements, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, dividend payments and repurchases of our common stock. In connection with our business strategy, we regularly evaluate acquisition opportunities. We believe our liquidity, along with other financing alternatives, will provide the necessary capital to fund these transactions and achieve our planned growth.

Senior Notes and Credit Agreement

We have issued an aggregate of $2.6 billion in Senior Notes and entered into a $250 million Revolving Credit Agreement with a syndicate of banks. See Note 5, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our Senior Notes and Revolving Credit Agreement.

The Senior Notes and the Revolving Credit Agreement are fully and unconditionally, and jointly and severally, guaranteed by our direct or indirect wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that account for more than 5% of our and our subsidiaries’ consolidated assets, other than certain excluded subsidiaries (the “subsidiary guarantors”). Amounts due under the Revolving Credit Agreement are our and the subsidiary guarantors’ senior unsecured obligations and rank equally with the Senior Notes and any of our other unsecured, unsubordinated debt, senior to any of our subordinated debt and effectively subordinated to our secured debt to the extent of the assets securing such debt.

The indentures governing our Senior Notes (the “Indentures”) among us, each of the subsidiary guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, contain covenants that limit our and certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur liens, enter into sale/leaseback transactions and consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, the Indentures restrict our non-guarantor subsidiaries’ ability to create, assume, incur or guarantee additional indebtedness without such non-guarantor subsidiaries guaranteeing the Senior Notes on a pari passu basis.

The Revolving Credit Agreement contains affirmative and restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of our existing or future subsidiaries to:

 

incur liens and further negative pledges;

 

incur additional indebtedness or prepay, redeem or repurchase indebtedness;

 

make loans or hold investments;

 

merge, dissolve, liquidate, consolidate with or into another person;

 

enter into acquisition transactions;

 

enter into sale/leaseback transactions;

 

issue disqualified capital stock;

67


 

sell, transfer or dispose of assets;

 

pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of our capital stock or engage in stock repurchases, redemptions and other restricted payments;

 

create new subsidiaries;

 

permit certain restrictions affecting our subsidiaries;

 

change the nature of our business, accounting policies or fiscal periods;

 

enter into any transactions with affiliates other than on an arm’s-length basis; and

 

amend our organizational documents or amend, modify or change the terms of certain agreements relating to our indebtedness.

The Revolving Credit Agreement and the Indentures also contain customary events of default, including those relating to non-payment, breach of representations, warranties or covenants, cross-default and cross-acceleration, bankruptcy and insolvency events, invalidity or impairment of loan documentation or collateral, change of control and customary ERISA defaults. None of the restrictions above are expected to impact our ability to effectively operate the business.

The Revolving Credit Agreement also requires us and our subsidiaries to achieve financial and operating results sufficient to maintain compliance with the following financial ratios on a consolidated basis through the termination of the Revolving Credit Agreement: (1) the maximum Consolidated Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) measured quarterly on a rolling four-quarter basis shall not exceed 4.25:1.00 and (2) the minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) measured quarterly on a rolling four-quarter basis shall be at least 4.00:1.00. As of December 31, 2018, our Consolidated Leverage Ratio was 3.13:1.00 and our Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio was 6.59:1.00. There have been no amounts drawn under the Revolving Credit Agreement since it was entered into on November 20, 2014.

Our non-guarantor subsidiaries of the Senior Notes consist of: (i) domestic subsidiaries of the Company that account for 5% or less of consolidated assets of the Company and its subsidiaries and (ii) any foreign or domestic subsidiary of the Company that is deemed to be a controlled foreign corporation within the meaning of Section 957 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Our non-guarantor subsidiaries accounted for approximately $797.4 million, or 55.6%, of our total revenue for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018, approximately $241.0 million, or 35.1%, of our consolidated operating income for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018, and approximately $733.2 million, or 21.6%, of our consolidated total assets (excluding intercompany assets) and $485.6 million, or 13.7%, of our consolidated total liabilities, in each case as of December 31, 2018.

Share Repurchases

The Board of Directors has approved a stock repurchase program for the purchase of the Company’s common stock in the open market. See Note 9, “Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit),” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information on our stock repurchase program.

The following table provides information with respect to repurchases of our common stock pursuant to open market repurchases:

 

Year Ended

 

Average

Price

Paid Per

Share

 

 

Total

Number of

Shares

Repurchased

 

 

Dollar

Value of Shares

Repurchased

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

December 31, 2016

 

$

73.71

 

 

 

10,303

 

 

$

759,427

 

December 31, 2017

 

$

87.96

 

 

 

1,556

 

 

$

136,899

 

December 31, 2018

 

$

148.34

 

 

 

6,236

 

 

$

924,989

 

68


Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2018 and through February 15, 2019, the Company repurchased an additional 0.7 million shares of common stock at an average price of $147.97 per share for a total value of $102.1 million.

As of February 15, 2019, a total of $706.1 million remained available on the share repurchase authorization. This authorization may be modified, suspended or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time without prior notice.

Cash Dividends

On September 17, 2014, our Board of Directors approved a plan to initiate a regular quarterly cash dividend to our shareholders. On October 30, 2014, we began paying regular quarterly cash dividends and have paid such dividends each quarter thereafter.

On January 30, 2019, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.58 per share of common stock to be paid on March 15, 2019 to shareholders of record as of the close of trading on February 22, 2019.

Cash Flows

The following table presents the Company’s cash and cash equivalents as of the dates indicated:

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

904,176

 

 

$

889,502

 

 

The following table presents the breakdown of the Company’s cash flows for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Net cash provided by operating activities

 

$

612,762

 

 

$

404,158

 

 

$

442,363

 

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 

 

34,874

 

 

 

(48,046

)

 

 

(42,031

)

Net cash used in financing activities

 

 

(626,483

)

 

 

(267,543

)

 

 

(372,899

)

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash

   equivalents

 

 

(6,479

)

 

 

9,099

 

 

 

(13,305

)

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

 

$

14,674

 

 

$

97,668

 

 

$

14,128

 

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents were $904.2 million and $889.5 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We seek to maintain minimum cash balances globally of approximately $200.0 million to $250.0 million for general operating purposes. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, $275.6 million and $503.0 million, respectively, of the cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries. As a result of Tax Reform, we can now more efficiently access a significant portion of our cash held outside of the U.S. in the short-term without being subject to U.S. income taxes. Repatriation of some foreign cash may be subject to certain withholding taxes in local jurisdictions and other distribution restrictions. The global cash and cash equivalent balances that are maintained will be available to meet our global needs whether for general corporate purpose or other needs, including acquisitions or expansion of our products.

We believe that global cash flows from operations, together with existing cash and cash equivalents and funds available under our existing credit facility and our ability to access the debt and capital markets for additional funds, will continue to be sufficient to fund our global operating activities and cash commitments for investing and

69


financing activities, such as material capital expenditures and share repurchases, for at least the 12 months following issuance of this Form 10-K and for the foreseeable future thereafter. In addition, we expect that foreign cash flows from operations, together with existing cash and cash equivalents, will continue to be sufficient to fund our foreign operating activities and cash commitments for investing activities, such as material capital expenditures, for at least the 12 months following issuance of this Form 10-K and for the foreseeable future thereafter.  

Cash Flows From Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities consist of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items and changes in assets and liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities was $612.8 million and $404.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The year-over-year increase was primarily driven by higher cash collections, partially offset by higher payments of cash expenses and higher income tax and interest payments.

Cash provided by operating activities was $404.2 million and $442.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The year-over-year decrease reflects higher cash expenses, including higher interest and income tax payments, partially offset by increased cash collections.

Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for the payment of cash compensation expenses, office rent, technology costs, market data costs, interest expenses and income taxes. Historically, the payment of cash for compensation and benefits is at its highest level in the first quarter when we pay discretionary employee compensation related to the previous fiscal year.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities was $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to cash used in investing activities of $48.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The year-over-year change was primarily driven by the proceeds received from the FEA and InvestorForce divestitures.  

Cash used in investing activities was $48.0 million and $42.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily reflecting higher capitalized software development costs mainly related to investments in the MSCI Analytics Platform and Fixed Income products.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $626.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $267.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The year-over-year change primarily reflects higher repurchases of shares and higher dividend payments, partially offset by the proceeds from our debt offering in May 2018.

Cash used in financing activities was $267.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $372.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The year-over-year change primarily reflects lower repurchases of treasury shares, partially offset by lower proceeds from borrowings and higher dividend payments.

 

 

70


Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations consist primarily of leases for office space, leases for equipment and other operating leases, obligations to vendors arising out of market data contracts and our debt obligations arising from the issuance of the Senior Notes. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations for the periods indicated as of December 31, 2018:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Years Ending December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Total

 

 

2019

 

 

2020

 

 

2021

 

 

2022

 

 

2023

 

 

Thereafter

 

Operating leases

 

$

262,156

 

 

 

33,525

 

 

 

31,966

 

 

 

29,288

 

 

 

25,335

 

 

 

24,277

 

 

 

117,765

 

Vendor obligations

 

 

108,206

 

 

 

45,472

 

 

 

16,555

 

 

 

13,100

 

 

 

10,976

 

 

 

10,942

 

 

 

11,161

 

Senior Notes (1)

 

 

3,592,438

 

 

 

138,625

 

 

 

138,625

 

 

 

138,625

 

 

 

138,625

 

 

 

138,625

 

 

 

2,899,313

 

Other obligations (2)

 

 

20,204

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,278

 

 

 

17,926

 

Total contractual obligations

 

$

3,983,004

 

 

$

217,622

 

 

$

187,146

 

 

$

181,013

 

 

$

174,936

 

 

$

176,122

 

 

$

3,046,165

 

 

(1)

Includes the impact of payments for the principal amount on the 2024 Senior Notes, 2025 Senior Notes, 2026 Senior Notes and 2027 Senior Notes plus interest based on the 5.25%, 5.75%, 4.75% and 5.375% coupon interest rates, respectively.

(2)

Primarily includes amounts payable related to the estimated Toll Charge. The Toll Charge is included within “Prepaid income taxes” and “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The obligations related to our uncertain tax positions, which are not considered material, have been excluded from the table above because of the uncertainty surrounding the timing and final amounts of any settlement.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Recent Accounting Standards Updates

See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Standards Updates,” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for further information.

 

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Currency Risk

We are subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuation risk. Exchange rate movements can impact the U.S. dollar-reported value of our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies or where the currency of such items is different than the functional currency of the entity where these items were recorded.

We generally invoice our clients in U.S. dollars; however, we invoice a portion of our clients in Euros, British pounds sterling, Japanese yen and a limited number of other non-U.S. dollar currencies. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, 12.9% and 13.4%, respectively, of our revenues are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk and primarily includes clients billed in foreign currency as well as U.S. dollar exposures on non-U.S. dollar foreign operating entities. Of the 12.9% of non-U.S dollar exposure for the year ended December 31, 2018, 42.2% was in Euros, 29.4% was in Japanese yen and 17.8% was in British pounds sterling. Of the 13.4% of non-U.S dollar exposure for the year ended December 31, 2017, 39.6% was in Euros, 27.3% was in Japanese yen and 26.8% was in British pounds sterling.

Revenues from index-linked investment products represented 23.5% and 21.7% of operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. While a substantial portion of our fees for index-linked

71


investment products are invoiced in U.S. dollars, the fees are based on the investment product’s assets, of which two-thirds are invested in securities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, declines in such other currencies against the U.S. dollar will decrease the fees payable to us under such licenses. In addition, declines in such currencies against the U.S. dollar could impact the attractiveness of such investment products resulting in net fund outflows, which would further reduce the fees payable under such licenses.

We are exposed to additional foreign currency risk in certain of our operating costs. Approximately 40.4% and 36.9% of our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, were denominated in foreign currencies, the significant majority of which were denominated in British pounds sterling, Indian rupees, Hungarian forints, Euros, Hong Kong dollars, Swiss francs and Mexican pesos. Expenses incurred in foreign currency may increase as we expand our business outside the U.S.

We have certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than local functional amounts and when these balances are remeasured into their local functional currency, either a gain or a loss results from the change of the value of the functional currency as compared to the originating currencies. We manage foreign currency exchange rate risk, in part, through the use of derivative financial instruments comprised principally of forward contracts on foreign currency which are not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. The objective of the derivative instruments is to minimize the impact on the income statement of the volatility of amounts denominated in certain foreign currencies. We recognized total foreign currency exchange losses of $0.4 million, $2.2 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

 

 

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information required by this Item is set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

 

 

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

(a). Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management of the Company, with the participation of its CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation, as of December 31, 2018, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective.

(b). Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers or persons performing similar functions and effected by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

 

pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets,

72


 

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company, and

 

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on the criteria described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

Based on this assessment, management, including the Company’s CEO and CFO, concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has audited and issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, which appears on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(c). Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

 

Item 9B.

Other Information

None.

73


PART III

 

 

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Except for the information relating to our Executive Officers set forth in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018.

Information regarding our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and Corporate Governance Policies is incorporated herein by reference from our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018. Any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of our Code of Ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions and that relates to any element of the Code of Ethics enumerated in paragraph (b) of Item 406 of Regulation S-K shall be disclosed by posting such information on our website at www.msci.com. The information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018.

 

 

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018. The information provided under Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters And Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein.

 

 

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018.

 

 

Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2018.

 

 

74


PART IV

 

 

Item 15.

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1) Financial Statements

The financial statements begin on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules

No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not applicable or not required or is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(a)(3) Exhibits

The information required by this Item is set forth below.

EXHIBIT INDEX

 

Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

3.1

Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

 

10-Q

001-33812

3.1

5/4/2012

3.2

Amended and Restated By-laws

 

10-Q

001-33812

3.2

5/4/2012

4.1

Form of Senior Indenture

 

S-3

333-206232

4.1

8/7/2015

4.2

Form of Subordinated Indenture

 

S-3

333-206232

4.2

8/7/2015

4.3

Form of Common Stock Certificate

 

10-Q

001-33812

4.1

5/4/2012

4.4

Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, among MSCI Inc., each of the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee

 

8-K

001-33812

4.1

11/20/2014

4.5

Form of Note for MSCI Inc. 5.250% Senior Notes due November 15, 2024 (included in Exhibit 4.4)

 

8-K

001-33812

4.2

11/20/2014

4.6

Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2015, among MSCI Inc., each of the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee

 

8-K

001-33812

4.1

8/13/2015

4.7

Form of Note for MSCI Inc. 5.750% Senior Notes due August 13, 2025 (included in Exhibit 4.6)

 

8-K

001-33812

4.2

8/13/2015

4.8

Indenture, dated as of August 4, 2016, among MSCI Inc., each of the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee

 

8-K

001-33812

4.1

8/5/2016

75


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

4.9

Form of Note for MSCI Inc. 4.750% Senior Notes due August 1, 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.8)

 

8-K

001-33812

4.2

8/5/2016

4.10

Indenture, dated as of May 18, 2018, among MSCI Inc., each of the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee

 

8-K

001-33812

4.1

5/18/2018

4.11

Form of Note for MSCI Inc. 5.375% Senior Notes due May 15, 2027 (included in Exhibit 4.10)

 

8-K

001-33812

4.2

5/18/2018

10.1†

Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of March 18, 2000, between Morgan Stanley Capital International and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.1

2/27/2015

10.2†

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds between Morgan Stanley Capital International and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.2

2/29/2012

10.3†

Letter Agreement to Amend MSCI-BGI Fund Index License Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2001, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.3

1/31/2011

10.4†

Addendum to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 18, 2002, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

S-1/A

333-144975

10.4

9/26/2007

10.5†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 3, 2004, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

S-1/A

333-144975

10.5

10/26/2007

10.6†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 1, 2005, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

S-1/A

333-144975

10.6

9/26/2007

10.7†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 1, 2006, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

S-1/A

333-144975

10.7

10/26/2007

10.8

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 5, 2007, between Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.8

1/31/2011

10.9

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 7, 2008, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.9

2/29/2012

76


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.10†

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 9, 2008, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.2

7/2/2010

10.11

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 1, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.11

1/29/2010

10.12†

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 21, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.3

7/2/2010

10.13

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 30, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.4

7/2/2010

10.14

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 6, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.14

1/29/2010

10.15†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 4, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.). Replaces in its entirety the Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 27, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A. filed as Exhibit 10.15 to Form 10-K (001-33812) filed with the SEC on February 29, 2012

 

10-K

001-33812

10.15

3/1/2013

10.23

Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2007, between Morgan Stanley and MSCI Inc.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.12

2/28/2008

10.29*

MSCI Inc. Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.30

3/1/2013

10.30*

MSCI Independent Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan as amended and restated on January 12, 2011

 

10-K

001-33812

10.39

1/31/2011

10.31*

MSCI Inc. Performance Formula and Incentive Plan

 

Proxy

001-33812

Annex C

2/28/2008

10.32*

MSCI Equity Incentive Compensation Plan 2007 Founders Grant Award Certificate for Stock Options

 

10-K

001-33812

10.19

2/28/2008

10.34*

RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2000 Stock Option Plan

 

S-8

333-165888

99.1

6/3/2010

10.35*

RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2004 Stock Option Plan

 

S-8

333-165888

99.2

6/3/2010

10.36*

RiskMetrics Group, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.38

3/1/2013

77


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.43*

Award Agreement for 2010 Price Vested Stock Option Award for the Chief Executive Officer under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.54

1/31/2011

10.46†

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 15, 2009, between MSCI Inc. and Blackrock Institutional Trust Company, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.57

1/31/2011

10.47

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 13, 2011, between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.58

2/29/2012

10.48

Amendment to Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 20, 2010

 

10-K

001-33812

10.59

1/31/2011

10.49†

Schedule No. 11043 to the Master Index License Agreement for Index Based Funds, between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.), dated as of September 1, 2010

 

10-K

001-33812

10.60

1/31/2011

10.50†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 19, 2010, between MSCI Inc. and Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

 

10-K

001-33812

10.50

2/27/2015

10.51

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 21, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly known as Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.62

2/29/2012

10.52†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 1, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and Blackrock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K/A

001-33812

10.63

7/20/2012

10.53†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 23, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. and Blackrock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.53

2/27/2015

10.54

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 4, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly known as Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

10-K

001-33812

10.65

2/29/2012

78


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.55†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 4, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.57

3/1/2013

10.56

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 16, 2011, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International, Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.67

2/29/2012

10.57

Agreement of Lease dated September 16, 2011, by and between 7 World Trade Center, LLC and MSCI Inc.

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

9/22/2011

10.59*

Offer Letter, executed May 25, 2012, between MSCI Inc. and Robert Qutub

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

5/30/2012

10.62†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 16, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.66

2/28/2014

10.63†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 9, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.63

2/27/2015

10.64†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 1, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.68

3/1/2013

10.65†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 17, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.69

3/1/2013

79


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.66†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 20, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.70

2/28/2014

10.67†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 6, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.71

2/28/2014

10.68†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 15, 2012, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.72

3/1/2013

10.69†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 21, 2013, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.73

2/28/2014

10.70†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of March 20, 2013, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.74

2/28/2014

10.71†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 11, 2013, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.71

2/27/2015

10.72†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 10, 2013, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.72

2/27/2015

80


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.73†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 16, 2013, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.73

2/27/2015

10.80*

Award Agreement for 2013 Non-Qualified Stock Option Award

 

10-K

001-33812

10.85

2/28/2014

10.82†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of January 23, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.82

2/27/2015

10.83†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of January 23, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.83

2/27/2015

10.84

Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 17, 2014, among MSCI Inc., RiskMetrics Group Holdings, LLC and VISS Acquisition Corp.

 

8-K

001-33812

2.1

3/20/2014

10.85†

Letter Agreement to amend the Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of March 18, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.85

2/27/2015

10.87*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Directors under the MSCI Inc. Independent Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan, as amended

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.2

5/2/2014

10.88*

Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation

 

10-K

001-33812

10.88

2/26/2018

10.89†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 9, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.89

2/27/2015

81


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.90†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 16, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.90

2/27/2015

10.91†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 15, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.91

2/27/2015

10.92†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 9, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.92

2/27/2015

10.93†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 17, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.93

2/27/2015

10.95†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 22, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.95

2/27/2015

10.96†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 30, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.96

2/26/2016

10.97

Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2014, among MSCI Inc., as the Borrower, each of the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the Administrative Agent and L/C Issuer, the Other Lenders Party Thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Lead Arranger and Bookrunner (as amended as of May 18, 2018 by Amendment No. 2 to the Revolving Credit Agreement) (included as Exhibit A to Amendment No. 2 in Exhibit 10.174)

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

5/18/2018

82


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.98

Cooperation Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2015 (amended by Letter Agreement to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2016, by and among MSCI Inc., Value Act Capital Management, L.P. and D. Robert Hale)

 

8-K

001-33812

99.1

1/30/2015

10.99*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Executive Officers under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.101

2/27/2015

10.100*

Form of Annual Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.4

04/29/2016

10.101*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.5

04/29/2016

10.102†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 4, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.102

2/26/2016

10.103†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 25, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.103

2/26/2016

10.104†

Letter Agreement (to amend the Amendment dated December 10, 2013) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of March 17, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.104

2/26/2016

10.105†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 20, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.105

2/26/2016

83


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.106†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 20, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.106

2/26/2016

10.107*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Directors under the MSCI Inc. Independent Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan, as amended

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.1

5/1/2015

10.109*

MSCI Inc. Change in Control Severance Plan, adopted May 28, 2015

 

10-K

001-33812

10.109

2/24/2017

10.110†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated February 21, 2013) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 1, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.110

2/26/2016

10.111†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 1, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.111

2/26/2016

10.112†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated November 6, 2012) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 4, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.112

2/26/2016

10.113†

Amendment (to amend the Amendments dated January 23, 2014 and April 15, 2014) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 4, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.114*

Form of Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Executive Officers under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.2

7/31/2015

10.115*

Form of Special Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.3

7/31/2015

84


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.116†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 1, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.116

2/26/2016

10.117†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated October 4, 2011) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 3, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.117

2/26/2016

10.118†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated January 23, 2014) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 3, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.118

2/26/2016

10.119†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated August 15, 2014) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 3, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.119

2/26/2016

10.120†

Letter Agreement (to amend the Amendment dated August 15, 2014) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 3, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.120

2/26/2016

10.121†

Letter Agreement (to amend the Amendment dated April 20, 2015) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 9, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.121

2/26/2016

10.122†

Letter Agreement (to amend the Amendment dated December 10, 2013) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 17, 2015, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.122

2/26/2016

85


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.123*

Transition and Release Agreement, dated as of February 10, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. and Robert Qutub

 

10-K

001-33812

10.123

2/26/2016

10.124*

Form of 2016 Multi-Year Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for the Executive Committee under the MSCI Inc. 2007 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.6

4/29/2016

10.125*

Form of 2016 Multi-Year Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for the Executive Committee under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.7

4/29/2016

10.126

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated January 23, 2014) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 15, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.126

2/26/2016

10.127†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of January 28, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.127

2/24/2017

10.128*

Offer Letter, effective as of March 15, 2016, between MSCI Inc. and Kathleen A. Winters

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

4/27/2016

10.129†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 29, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.129

2/26/2018

10.130†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 8, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.130

2/24/2017

10.131†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated December 16, 2011) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 12, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.131

2/24/2017

86


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.132*

MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

S-8

333-210987

99.1

04/28/2016

10.133*

MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan, as amended

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.3

5/5/2017

10.134*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.3

4/29/2016

10.135*

Non-Employee Director Stock Ownership Guidelines

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.8

4/29/2016

10.136*

MSCI Inc. Non-Employee Director Deferral Plan, as amended

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.9

4/29/2016

10.137

Letter Agreement to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of March 10, 2016, by and among MSCI Inc., Value Act Capital Management, L.P. and D. Robert Hale.

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.10

4/29/2016

10.138*

Offer Letter, effective as of October 15, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. and Laurent Seyer

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.13

4/29/2016

10.140†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 29, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.140

2/24/2017

10.141

Amendment to the Schedules to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 4, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.141

2/24/2017

10.142†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 12, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.142

2/26/2018

10.143†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 15, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.143

2/24/2017

87


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.144†

Amendment (to amend the Amendment dated February 29, 2016) to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 21, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.144

2/24/2017

10.145*

Form of 2016 Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.5

7/29/2016

10.146*

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of August 1, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.146

2/26/2018

10.147

Amendment No. 1 to the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated August 4, 2016, among MSCI Inc., each of the Guarantors party thereto, the Lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

8/05/2016

10.148†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 12, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.148

2/26/2018

10.149

Amendment to the Schedules to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 30, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.149

2/24/2017

10.150†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 5, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.150

2/26/2018

10.151*

Form of Special Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.151

2/24/2017

10.152*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.152

2/24/2017

88


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.153*

Form of Annual Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.153

2/24/2017

10.154†

Amendment to a Schedule to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of December 8, 2016, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.154

2/26/2018

10.155†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 10, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.155

2/26/2018

10.156†

Amendment No. 1 to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 6, 2017, by and between MSCI ESG Research LLC and BlackRock Fund Advisors

 

10-K

001-33812

10.156

2/26/2018

10.157†

Amendment to the Second Schedule to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of April 12, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.158*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Directors Under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.1

5/5/2017

10.159†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 26, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.159

2/26/2018

10.160†

Amendment to the Previous Amendment and Previous Name Change Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 1, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.160

2/26/2018

10.161†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 1, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

89


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.162

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 1, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.163†

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 1, 2017, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

10-K

001-33812

10.163

2/26/2018

10.164*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.164

2/26/2018

10.165*

Form of Annual Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Managing Directors under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.165

2/26/2018

10.166*

Annual Incentive Plan

 

10-K

001-33812

10.166

2/26/2018

10.167*

Offer Letter, executed March 11, 2014, by and between MSCI Inc. and Scott Crum

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.1

5/4/2018

10.168*

Form of Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units for Directors Under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan

 

10-Q

001-33812

10.2

5/4/2018

10.169††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of January 18, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.170††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 8, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.171

Amendment to the Previous Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of February 19, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

90


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.172

Amendment No. 2 to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of March 1, 2018, by and between MSCI ESG Research LLC and BlackRock Fund Advisors

 

Filed Herewith

10.173

Amendment to the Schedules to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of May 15, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Fund Advisors

 

Filed Herewith

10.174

Amendment No. 2 to the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of May 18, 2018, among MSCI Inc., each of the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and L/C Issuer and the other lenders party thereto

 

8-K

001-33812

10.1

5/18/2018

10.175††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of June 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.176††

Amendment No. 3 to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of July 1, 2018, by and between MSCI ESG Research LLC and BlackRock Fund Advisors

 

Filed Herewith

10.177

Amendment to the Schedules to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. and BlackRock Fund Advisors

 

Filed Herewith

10.178

Amendment to the Previous Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 10, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.179††

Amendment to the Previous Amendment, the Previous Conversion Amendment and Previous Name Change Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of September 10, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

91


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.180

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.181††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of October 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, N.A. (formerly, Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.182††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.183††

Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 1, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.184††

Amendment to the Previous Amendment to the Index License Agreement for Funds, dated as of November 16, 2018, by and between MSCI Inc. (formerly, Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc.) and BlackRock Fund Advisors (as successor to Barclays Global Investors, N.A.)

 

Filed Herewith

10.185*

Form of 2019 Award Agreement for Restricted Stock Units For Employees Under the MSCI Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

Filed Herewith

10.186*

Form of 2019 Annual Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Managing Directors Under the MSCI Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

Filed Herewith

10.187*

Form of 2019 Annual Performance Award Agreement for Performance Stock Units for Managing Directors Under the MSCI Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan

 

Filed Herewith

10.188*

MSCI Inc. Executive Committee Stock Ownership Guidelines

 

Filed Herewith

92


Exhibit
Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit No.

Filing Date

10.189*

MSCI Inc. Clawback Policy

 

Filed Herewith

21.1

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 

Filed Herewith

23.1

Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

 

Filed Herewith

24.1

Powers of Attorney (included as part of Signature Page)

 

Filed Herewith

31.1

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer

 

Filed Herewith

31.2

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer

 

Filed Herewith

32.1

Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

 

Furnished Herewith

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document.

 

Filed Herewith

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

 

Filed Herewith

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

 

Filed Herewith

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

 

Filed Herewith

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

 

Filed Herewith

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

 

Filed Herewith

 

*

Indicates a management compensation plan, contract or arrangement.

Confidential treatment has been granted for a portion of this exhibit.

††

Confidential treatment requested.

 

 

Item 16.

Form 10-K Summary

None.

 

93


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

MSCI INC.

 

 

By:

 

/S/ HENRY A. FERNANDEZ

 

 

Name:

 

Henry A. Fernandez

 

 

Title:

 

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

 

Date: February 22, 2019

 

94


POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kathleen A. Winters, Frederick W. Bogdan and Cecilia Aza, and each or any one of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in the capacities indicated below, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming his or her signatures as they may be signed by his or her said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes, to any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

Signature

 

Title

 

Date

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ HENRY A. FERNANDEZ

 

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

 

February 22, 2019

Henry A. Fernandez

 

(principal executive officer)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ KATHLEEN A. WINTERS

 

Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

 

February 22, 2019

Kathleen A. Winters

 

(principal financial officer)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ JENNIFER MAK

 

Principal Accounting Officer and

Global Controller

 

February 22, 2019

Jennifer Mak

 

(principal accounting officer)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ ROBERT G. ASHE

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Robert G. Ashe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ BENJAMIN F. DUPONT

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Benjamin F. duPont

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ WAYNE EDMUNDS

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Wayne Edmunds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ ALICE W. HANDY

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Alice W. Handy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ CATHERINE R. KINNEY

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Catherine R. Kinney

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ WENDY E. LANE

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Wendy E. Lane

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ JACQUES P. PEROLD

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Jacques P. Perold

 

/S/ LINDA H. RIEFLER

 

 

 

Director

 

 

 

February 22, 2019

Linda H. Riefler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ GEORGE W. SIGULER

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

George W. Siguler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/S/ MARCUS L. SMITH

 

Director

 

February 22, 2019

Marcus L. Smith

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

95


INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

Consolidated Financial Statements

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

F-2

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

 

F-4

Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016

 

F-5

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016

 

F-6

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016

 

F-7

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016

 

F-8

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

F-9

 

 

F-1


REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of MSCI Inc.

 

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of MSCI Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 

Basis for Opinions

 

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  

 

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made

F-2


only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

New York, New York

February 22, 2019

 

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

 

F-3


MSCI INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

(In thousands, except per share and share data)

 

ASSETS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

904,176

 

 

$

889,502

 

Accounts receivable (net of allowances of $1,027 and $1,700 at

   December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)

 

 

473,433

 

 

 

327,597

 

Prepaid income taxes

 

 

19,273

 

 

 

15,103

 

Prepaid and other assets

 

 

38,207

 

 

 

34,927

 

Total current assets

 

 

1,435,089

 

 

 

1,267,129

 

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements (net of accumulated

   depreciation and amortization of $185,505 and $171,280 at

   December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)

 

 

90,877

 

 

 

94,437

 

Goodwill

 

 

1,545,761

 

 

 

1,560,621

 

Intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization of $541,967 and

   $507,612 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)

 

 

280,803

 

 

 

321,836

 

Deferred tax assets

 

 

14,903

 

 

 

12,013

 

Other non-current assets

 

 

20,519

 

 

 

19,632

 

Total assets

 

$

3,387,952

 

 

$

3,275,668

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts payable

 

$

3,892

 

 

$

1,612

 

Income taxes payable

 

 

16,253

 

 

 

14,828

 

Accrued compensation and related benefits

 

 

137,045

 

 

 

131,156

 

Other accrued liabilities

 

 

113,841

 

 

 

85,710

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

537,977

 

 

 

374,365

 

Total current liabilities

 

 

809,008

 

 

 

607,671

 

Long-term debt

 

 

2,575,502

 

 

 

2,078,093

 

Deferred tax liabilities

 

 

82,008

 

 

 

78,027

 

Other non-current liabilities

 

 

87,928

 

 

 

110,865

 

Total liabilities

 

 

3,554,446

 

 

 

2,874,656

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Commitments and Contingencies (see Note 5 and Note 9)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shareholders' equity (deficit):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preferred Stock (par value $0.01, 100,000,000 shares authorized,

   no shares issued)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common stock (par value $0.01; 750,000,000 common shares authorized;

   130,029,926 and 129,543,856 common shares issued and 84,174,138

   and 90,104,885 common shares outstanding at December 31, 2018

   and December 31, 2017, respectively)

 

 

1,300

 

 

 

1,295

 

Treasury shares, at cost (45,855,788 and 39,438,971 common shares held

   at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively)

 

 

(3,272,774

)

 

 

(2,321,989

)

Additional paid in capital

 

 

1,306,428

 

 

 

1,264,849

 

Retained earnings

 

 

1,856,951

 

 

 

1,505,204

 

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 

 

(58,399

)

 

 

(48,347

)

Total shareholders' equity (deficit)

 

 

(166,494

)

 

 

401,012

 

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity (deficit)

 

$

3,387,952

 

 

$

3,275,668

 

 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-4


MSCI INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(In thousands, except per share data)

 

Operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

Operating expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues

 

 

287,335

 

 

 

273,681

 

 

 

252,107

 

Selling and marketing

 

 

192,923

 

 

 

177,121

 

 

 

166,666

 

Research and development

 

 

81,411

 

 

 

75,849

 

 

 

75,204

 

General and administrative

 

 

99,882

 

 

 

87,764

 

 

 

87,235

 

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and

   leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

Total operating expenses

 

 

747,086

 

 

 

694,402

 

 

 

662,565

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating income

 

 

686,898

 

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

488,104

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest income

 

 

(19,669

)

 

 

(6,314

)

 

 

(2,906

)

Interest expense

 

 

133,114

 

 

 

116,098

 

 

 

101,651

 

Other expense (income)

 

 

(56,443

)

 

 

3,087

 

 

 

3,421

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other expense (income), net

 

 

57,002

 

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

102,166

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Income before provision for income taxes

 

 

629,896

 

 

 

466,899

 

 

 

385,938

 

Provision for income taxes

 

 

122,011

 

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

125,083

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing

   earnings per share:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic

 

 

87,179

 

 

 

90,336

 

 

 

95,986

 

Diluted

 

 

89,701

 

 

 

91,914

 

 

 

96,540

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-5


MSCI INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

Other comprehensive income (loss):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foreign currency translation adjustments

 

 

(14,113

)

 

 

13,358

 

 

 

(24,871

)

Income tax effect

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(714

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foreign currency translation adjustments, net

 

 

(14,113

)

 

 

13,358

 

 

 

(25,585

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pension and other post-retirement adjustments

 

 

2,351

 

 

 

(525

)

 

 

660

 

Income tax effect

 

 

(227

)

 

 

(445

)

 

 

(65

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pension and other post-retirement adjustments, net

 

 

2,124

 

 

 

(970

)

 

 

595

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net investment hedge adjustments

 

 

1,937

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Income tax effect

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net investment hedge adjustments, net

 

 

1,937

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax

 

 

(10,052

)

 

 

12,388

 

 

 

(24,990

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comprehensive income

 

$

497,833

 

 

$

316,360

 

 

$

235,865

 

 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-6


MSCI INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accumulated

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Additional

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common

 

 

Treasury

 

 

Paid-in

 

 

Retained

 

 

Comprehensive

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stock

 

 

Stock

 

 

Capital

 

 

Earnings

 

 

Income (Loss)

 

 

Total

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Balance at December 31, 2015

 

$

1,282

 

 

$

(1,395,695

)

 

$

1,173,183

 

 

$

1,158,462

 

 

$

(35,745

)

 

$

901,487

 

Net income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

260,855

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

260,855

 

Dividends ($1.00 per common share)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34

 

 

 

(97,093

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(97,059

)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(24,990

)

 

 

(24,990

)

Common stock issued

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

Compensation payable in common stock

   and options

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

39,648

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

39,648

 

Common stock repurchased and held in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(774,565

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(774,565

)

Common stock issued to directors and held

   in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(479

)

 

 

38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(441

)

Exercise of stock options

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,037

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,040

 

Excess tax benefits from employee stock

   incentive plans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7,625

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7,625

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2016

 

$

1,290

 

 

$

(2,170,739

)

 

$

1,225,565

 

 

$

1,322,224

 

 

$

(60,735

)

 

$

317,605

 

Net income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

303,972

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

303,972

 

Dividends ($1.32 per common share)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

 

 

 

(120,992

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(120,972

)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12,388

 

 

 

12,388

 

Common stock issued

 

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

Compensation payable in common stock

   and options

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36,572

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36,572

 

Common stock repurchased and held in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(150,461

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(150,461

)

Common stock issued to directors and held

   in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(789

)

 

 

58

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(731

)

Exercise of stock options

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,634

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,635

 

Excess tax benefits from employee stock

   incentive plans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2017

 

$

1,295

 

 

$

(2,321,989

)

 

$

1,264,849

 

 

$

1,505,204

 

 

$

(48,347

)

 

$

401,012

 

Net income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

507,885

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

507,885

 

ASC Topic 606 Retained Earnings Adjustment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16,135

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16,135

 

Dividends ($1.92 per common share)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(77

)

 

 

119

 

 

 

(172,273

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(172,231

)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(10,052

)

 

 

(10,052

)

Common stock issued

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

Compensation payable in common stock

   and options

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40,838

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40,838

 

Common stock repurchased and held in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(949,888

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(949,888

)

Common stock issued to directors and held

   in treasury

 

 

 

 

 

 

(820

)

 

 

17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(803

)

Exercise of stock options

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

605

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

605

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2018

 

$

1,300

 

 

$

(3,272,774

)

 

$

1,306,428

 

 

$

1,856,951

 

 

$

(58,399

)

 

$

(166,494

)

 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-7


MSCI INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Cash flows from operating activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

Stock-based compensation expense

 

 

38,897

 

 

 

36,576

 

 

 

32,001

 

Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

Amortization of debt origination fees

 

 

3,715

 

 

 

3,396

 

 

 

3,068

 

Deferred taxes

 

 

(780

)

 

 

(18,902

)

 

 

(16,967

)

Gain on divestitures, net of costs

 

 

(61,402

)

 

 

 

 

 

(449

)

Other non-cash adjustments

 

 

(188

)

 

 

704

 

 

 

1,192

 

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts receivable

 

 

(153,942

)

 

 

(105,593

)

 

 

(18,494

)

Prepaid income taxes

 

 

(4,069

)

 

 

(3,069

)

 

 

41,332

 

Prepaid and other assets

 

 

(2,015

)

 

 

(4,470

)

 

 

624

 

Accounts payable

 

 

2,300

 

 

 

1,027

 

 

 

(1,912

)

Accrued compensation and related benefits

 

 

8,532

 

 

 

8,659

 

 

 

13,089

 

Income taxes payable

 

 

(2,890

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other accrued liabilities

 

 

29,096

 

 

 

15,933

 

 

 

19,741

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

185,077

 

 

 

38,555

 

 

 

21,809

 

Other

 

 

(22,989

)

 

 

47,383

 

(1)

 

5,121

 

Net cash provided by operating activities

 

 

612,762

 

 

 

404,158

 

 

 

442,363

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash flows from investing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Proceeds from sales of investments

 

 

 

 

 

771

 

 

 

 

Proceeds from divestitures

 

 

83,825

 

 

 

 

 

 

657

 

Proceeds from the sale of capital equipment

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Capital expenditures

 

 

(30,257

)

 

 

(33,177

)

 

 

(32,284

)

Capitalized software development costs

 

 

(18,704

)

 

 

(15,640

)

 

 

(10,344

)

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(60

)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 

 

34,874

 

 

 

(48,046

)

 

 

(42,031

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash flows from financing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Proceeds from borrowing

 

 

500,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

500,000

 

Proceeds from exercise of stock options

 

 

605

 

 

 

2,635

 

 

 

5,040

 

Repurchase of common stock held in treasury

 

 

(949,888

)

 

 

(150,461

)

 

 

(774,565

)

Payment of dividends

 

 

(170,938

)

 

 

(119,717

)

 

 

(96,191

)

Payment of debt issuance costs in connection with debt

 

 

(6,262

)

 

 

-

 

 

 

(7,183

)

Net cash used in financing activities

 

 

(626,483

)

 

 

(267,543

)

 

 

(372,899

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effect of exchange rate changes

 

 

(6,479

)

 

 

9,099

 

 

 

(13,305

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net increase in cash

 

 

14,674

 

 

 

97,668

 

 

 

14,128

 

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

 

 

889,502

 

 

 

791,834

 

 

 

777,706

 

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

 

$

904,176

 

 

$

889,502

 

 

$

791,834

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash paid for interest

 

$

125,986

 

 

$

112,502

 

 

$

89,139

 

Cash paid for income taxes

 

$

143,215

 

 

$

128,727

 

 

$

97,845

 

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements in other accrued liabilities

 

$

2,999

 

 

$

4,588

 

 

$

4,422

 

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash dividends declared, but not yet paid

 

$

862

 

 

$

1,197

 

 

$

830

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(1) Includes $43.6 million accrual for amounts payable after December 31, 2018 related to the estimated one-time tax charge on the deemed repatriation of historic earnings and profits of foreign subsidiaries. See Note 11, “Income Taxes,” for additional information.

 

 

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

F-8


MSCI INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization

MSCI Inc., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company” or “MSCI”) provides mission critical investment decision support tools and services.  MSCI is dynamic and flexible in the delivery of content and capabilities, such as indexes; portfolio construction tools and risk-management services; environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) research and ratings; and real estate benchmarks, return analytics services and market insights; much of which can be accessed by clients through multiple channels and platforms.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MSCI Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company’s policy is to consolidate all entities in which it owns more than 50% of the outstanding voting stock unless it does not control the entity. It is also the Company’s policy to consolidate any variable interest entity for which the Company is the primary beneficiary, as required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 810-10, “Consolidations.” As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no such variable interest entities or investments.

The Company’s operating expenses are grouped and presented in the following activity categories: cost of revenues, selling and marketing, research and development and general and administrative. Costs are assigned to these activity categories based on the nature of the expense to which they directly relate, or, when not directly attributable, based on an allocation method that considers the type of effort related to such activities.

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production and servicing of the Company’s products and services and primarily includes related information technology costs, including data center, platform and infrastructure costs; costs to acquire, produce and maintain market data information; costs of research to support and maintain existing products; costs of product management teams; costs of client service and consultant teams to support customer needs; as well as other support costs directly attributable to the cost of revenues including certain human resources, finance and legal costs.

Selling and marketing expenses consist of costs associated with acquiring new clients or selling new products or product renewals to existing clients and primarily includes the costs of MSCI’s sales force and marketing teams as well as costs incurred in other groups associated with acquiring new business, including product management, research, technology and sales operations.

Research and development expenses consist of costs to develop new or enhance existing products and the costs to develop new or improved technology and service platforms for the delivery of MSCI’s products and services and primarily includes the costs of development, research, product management, project management and the technology support associated with these efforts.

General and administrative expenses consist of costs primarily related to finance operations, human resources, office of the CEO, legal, corporate technology, corporate development and certain other administrative costs that are not directly attributed, but are instead allocated, to a product or service.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Financial Statements and Use of Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These accounting principles require the Company to

F-9


make certain estimates and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the deferral and recognition of revenue, research and development and software capitalization, impairment of long-lived assets, accrued compensation, income taxes and other matters that affect the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company believes that estimates used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are reasonable; however, actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Inter-company balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Revenue Recognition

MSCI adopted the new revenue standard set forth under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” or ASC Topic 606, as of January 1, 2018 using the Modified Retrospective Approach and as such, applied the new revenue standard only to contracts that were not completed at the January 1, 2018 adoption date and did not adjust prior reporting periods. An adjustment was recorded within the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition as of January 1, 2018. The adoption resulted in more revenue being recognized upfront or earlier in the life of new client contracts for certain of the Company’s products and services, including fees related to the licensing of certain desktop applications as they relate to the energy and commodity analytics products, implementation services as they relate to Analytics products and services and the Company’s hosted applications and set-up fees as they relate to the Company’s custom index products. The new revenue standard also has the impact of ratably allocating revenue recognition as it relates to multi-year deals. The adoption of the standard also resulted in higher accounts receivable and deferred revenue balances. Under the old revenue standard, MSCI generally recorded the value of an invoice to accounts receivable and deferred revenue once the service period began. Under the new revenue standard, MSCI records accounts receivable and a corresponding offset to deferred revenue when an invoice is issued.  See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for further discussion of the impact of the change upon adoption of ASC Topic 606.  

Performance Obligations and Transaction Price  

For revenue arrangements containing multiple products or services, the Company accounts for the individual products or services as a separate performance obligation if they are distinct, the product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the arrangement, and if a client can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the client. If these criteria are not met, the promised products or services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of each distinct product or service in the contract. The transaction price in the contract is allocated at contract inception to the distinct product or service underlying each performance obligation in proportion to the standalone selling prices. This standalone selling price may be the contract price, but is more often than not the best estimate of the price the Company would receive for selling the product or service to other similar customers. Discounts applied to the contract will be allocated based on the same proportion of standalone selling prices.

For services where the transaction price is variable based upon assets under management (“AUM”), volume of trades or number of investments linked to MSCI’s indexes, the transaction price is based upon pricing models and is not allocated at the inception of the contract but rather falls within the sales and usage-based royalty exception under which the price and associated revenue are based upon actual known performance or best estimates of actual performance during the performance period.

Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. Revenue is recognized exclusive of any applicable sales or other indirect taxes. Determining when control has transferred can sometimes require management’s judgement (e.g., implementation services), which could affect the timing of revenue recognition. The Company has determined that the above methods provide a faithful depiction of the transfer of control of products or services to the customer.

 

 

F-10


Disaggregation of Revenue

Our revenues are characterized by type, which broadly reflects the nature of how they are recognized or earned. Our revenue types are recurring subscription, asset-based fees and non-recurring revenues. We also group our revenues by segment.

Revenues By Type

Recurring subscription revenues represent fees earned from clients primarily under renewable contracts or agreements and are generally paid annually or quarterly in advance and recognized in most cases ratably over the term of the license or service pursuant to the contract terms.  Revenues from subscription agreements for the receipt of periodic benchmark reports, digests and other publications, which are most often associated with our real estate offerings, are generally billed and recognized upon delivery of such reports or data updates.

Asset-based fees are principally recognized based on the estimated AUM linked to our indexes from independent third-party sources or the most recently reported information provided by the client. Asset-based fees also include revenues related to futures and options contracts linked to our indexes, which are primarily based on trading volumes. Asset-based fees are generally variable based upon AUM or the volume of trades and are generally billed quarterly in arrears.

Non-recurring revenues primarily represent fees earned on products and services where we do not have renewal contracts and primarily include revenues for providing customized reports, historical data sets, certain derivative financial products and certain implementation and consulting services, as well as revenues from particular products and services that are purchased on a non-renewal basis. Based on the nature of the services provided, non-recurring revenues are generally billed upon delivery and recognized upon delivery or over the service period.

Revenues By Segment

For products within the Index segment, with respect to index data subscriptions, MSCI’s performance obligation to deliver the data is satisfied over time and, accordingly, revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement pursuant to the contract terms. With respect to licenses to create index-linked investment products, such as ETFs, passively managed funds, or licenses which allow certain exchanges to use MSCI’s indexes as the basis for futures and options contracts, MSCI’s performance obligation allows customers to use the Company’s intellectual property (e.g., the indexes) as the basis of the funds or other investment products the customers create over the term of the agreement. The fees earned for these rights are typically variable, in which case they are accrued under the sales and usage-based royalty exception pursuant to the level of performance achieved, which is measured based on AUM, volume of trades or other factors. The level of performance achieved is based on information obtained from independent third-party sources or best estimates taking into account the most recently reported information from the client.  

For products within the Analytics segment, MSCI’s performance obligations include providing access to its proprietary models or hosted applications and, in some cases, delivery of managed services, which are all satisfied over time, and accordingly, revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the service period.  For implementation services, MSCI meets its performance obligation once the implementation service is complete and the related service is available for the client to use and revenue is recognized at the point in time when the implementation service is completed.

For products within the All Other segment, MSCI’s performance obligations under its ESG products are satisfied over time for the majority of the data subscriptions as MSCI provides and updates the data to the customer throughout the term of the agreement and revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement. For custom ESG research data, the performance obligation is complete, and revenue is recognized, at the point in time that the data is updated and available to the customer. MSCI’s Real Estate products primarily include periodic benchmark reports, Market Information and other publications.  MSCI primarily satisfies its performance obligations, and revenue is recognized, at the point in time when the Company delivers reports or publications. For Market Information products, publications are delivered throughout the year, and the revenue is recognized over time.

Share-Based Compensation

Certain of the Company’s employees have received share-based compensation under various compensation programs. The Company’s compensation expense reflects the fair value method of accounting for share-based payments under ASC Subtopic 718-10, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” ASC Subtopic 718-10 requires

F-11


measurement of compensation cost for equity-based awards at fair value and recognition of compensation cost over the service period, net of estimated forfeitures.

The fair value of MSCI restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is measured using the closing price of MSCI’s common stock on the date prior to grant. Restricted stock units subject to performance conditions that are not linked to a market condition (“PSUs”) are based on performance measures that impact the amount of shares that each recipient will receive upon vesting. The fair value of PSUs is measured using the closing price of MSCI’s common stock on the date prior to grant. Restricted stock units that are subject to the achievement of multi-year total shareholder return targets (“MSUs”) are performance awards with a market condition. The fair value of MSUs is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that creates a normal distribution of future stock prices, which is then used to value the awards based on their individual terms.

The fair value of MSCI standard stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model and the single grant life method. Under the single grant life method, option awards with graded vesting are valued using a single weighted-average expected option life. The fair value of MSCI stock options that contain stock price contingencies is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

The Company recognizes the expense for an award granted to an employee who is not retirement-eligible utilizing the graded vesting method over the requisite service period. For all awards, the Company bases initial accruals of compensation cost on the estimated number of units for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered and, for PSUs, the performance targets expected to be achieved is also considered. If the estimated number of units or the number of units ultimately delivered changes from previous estimates, the cumulative effect on current and prior periods of a change is recognized in compensation cost in the period of the change. Because the probability of actual shares expected to be earned is reflected in the fair value of MSUs on the grant date, the expense to be recognized for these awards is not adjusted to reflect the actual shares earned.

Based on interpretive guidance related to share-based compensation, the Company’s policy is to accrue the estimated cost of share-based awards that are granted to retirement-eligible employees over the course of the prior year in which they were earned rather than expensing the awards on the date of grant. A portion of the awards granted to retirement-eligible employees consisted of PSUs. For those PSUs, the Company bases initial accruals of compensation cost on the estimated number of units for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered. If the estimated number of units expected to convert changes from previous estimates based on the performance targets expected to be achieved, the cumulative effect of a change is recognized in compensation cost in the period of the change.

Research and Development

The Company accounts for research and development costs in accordance with several accounting pronouncements, including ASC Subtopic 730-10, “Research and Development.” ASC Subtopic 730-10 requires that research and development costs generally be expensed as incurred. The majority of the Company’s research and development costs are incurred in developing, reviewing and enhancing the methodologies and data models offered within its product portfolio by monitoring investment trends and drivers globally, as well as analyzing product-specific needs in areas such as capitalization-weighted, factor and specialized indexes, and instrument valuation, risk modeling, portfolio construction, asset allocation and value-at-risk simulation.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Subtopic 350-40, “Internal Use Software,” and accounts for the cost of computer software developed for internal use by capitalizing qualifying costs, which are substantially incurred during the application development stage. The amounts capitalized are included in Intangible Assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and include external direct costs of services used in developing internal-use software and payroll and payroll-related costs of employees directly associated with the development activities. Additionally, costs incurred relating to upgrades and enhancements to the software are capitalized if it is determined that these upgrades or enhancements provide additional functionality to the software.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company capitalized $18.7 million and $15.6 million, respectively, of costs related to software developed for internal use in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

F-12


Capitalized software development costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related product, which is typically three to five years, beginning with the date the software is placed into service.

Costs incurred in the preliminary and post-implementation stages of MSCI’s products are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes is provided for using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. The Company elects to account for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) in the year the tax is incurred. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters within “Provision for income taxes” in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The Company regularly evaluates the likelihood of additional assessments in each of the taxing jurisdictions in which it is required to file income tax returns. The Company has recorded additional tax expense related to open tax years, which the Company’s management believes is adequate in relation to the potential for assessments. These amounts have been recorded in “Other non-current liabilities” on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. The Company’s management believes the resolution of tax matters will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition. However, to the extent the Company is required to pay amounts in excess of its reserves, a resolution could have a material impact on its Consolidated Statement of Income for a particular future period. In addition, an unfavorable tax settlement could require use of cash and result in an increase in the effective tax rate in the period in which such resolution occurs.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenues represent both cash received and/or the amounts billed to customers for products and services in advance of services being provided and before the service period has begun. Deferred revenue is generally amortized ratably over the service period as the performance obligations are satisfied.

Accounts Receivable

The Company’s clients generally pay subscription fees annually or quarterly in advance.  MSCI’s policy is to record to a receivable when a customer is billed. For products and services that are provided in advance of billing, such as for our asset-based fee products, unbilled revenue (or a “contract asset”) is included in Accounts Receivable on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

Goodwill

Goodwill is recorded as part of the Company’s acquisitions of businesses when the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net tangible and separately identifiable intangible assets acquired. The Company’s goodwill is not amortized, but rather is subject to an impairment test each year, or more often if conditions indicate impairment may have occurred, pursuant to ASC Subtopic 350-10, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other.”

The Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on July 1 and on an interim basis when certain events and circumstances exist. The testing for impairment is performed at the reporting unit level. Goodwill impairment is determined by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying value, goodwill at the reporting unit level is not deemed to be impaired. If the estimated fair value is below carrying value, however, further analysis is required to determine the amount of impairment, if any. If necessary, an impairment charge will be recorded up to, but not more than, the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test as of July 1, 2018 on its four reporting units, which are the same as its four operating segments.  The Company performed a step zero, qualitative impairment test on each of its operating segments and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value for each operating segment was not less than the carrying value for each.

F-13


As the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting units exceeded their carrying value on the testing dates, no impairment of goodwill was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Intangible Assets

The Company amortizes definite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The Company also reviews the useful lives on a quarterly basis to determine if the period of economic benefit has changed. If the carrying value of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge would be recognized in an amount equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value. 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, management decided to discontinue the use of the IPD tradename utilized by the Real Estate segment and has rebranded the segment to MSCI Real Estate. As a result, the remaining unamortized value of $7.9 million was written off.

The Company had no indefinite-lived intangible assets.    

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of operations having non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated at year-end exchange rates, and income statement accounts are translated at weighted average exchange rates for the year. Gains or losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements, net of any related tax effects, are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a separate component of shareholders’ equity (deficit). Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions incurred in currencies other than the local functional currency are included in non-operating “Other expense (income)” on the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Derivative Instruments

The Company applies ASC Subtopic 815-10, “Derivatives and Hedging,” which establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments and hedging activities. The Company may use interest rate swaps and forward contracts on foreign currency to manage risks generally associated with interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations, respectively. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used as risk management tools and not for speculative or trading purposes.

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, the Company documents and links the relationships between the hedging instruments and hedged items. The Company also assesses and documents at the hedge’s inception whether the derivatives used in hedging transactions were effective in offsetting changes in fair values associated with the hedged items. ASC Subtopic 815-10 provides that, for derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting being used to hedge cash flows, changes in the fair value are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of shareholders’ equity, until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. In addition, the ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings.

The Company manages foreign currency exchange rate risk through the use of derivative financial instruments comprised principally of forward contracts on foreign currency which are not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. The objective of the derivative instruments is to minimize the income statement impact associated with assets and liabilities that are denominated in certain foreign currencies. Derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition with gains and losses recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Income in the period in which they are realized.

Property, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of furniture and fixtures, computer and communications equipment and leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset.

F-14


Treasury Stock

The Company holds repurchased shares of common stock as treasury stock. The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method and includes treasury stock as a component of shareholders’ equity (deficit).

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company periodically reviews receivable balances and maintains an allowance on customer accounts where estimated losses may result from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company does not require collateral.

An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded when it is probable and estimable that a receivable will not be collected. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2018 were as follows:

 

 

 

Amount

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Balance as of December 31, 2015

 

$

1,117

 

Addition to provision

 

 

1,011

 

Amounts written off, net of recoveries

 

 

(1,093

)

Balance as of December 31, 2016

 

$

1,035

 

Addition to provision

 

 

1,422

 

Amounts written off, net of recoveries

 

 

(757

)

Balance as of December 31, 2017

 

$

1,700

 

Reduction to provision

 

 

(224

)

Amounts written off, net of recoveries

 

 

(449

)

Balance as of December 31, 2018

 

$

1,027

 

 

Accrued Compensation

The Company makes significant estimates in determining its accrued non-stock-based compensation and benefits expenses. A significant portion of the Company’s employee incentive compensation programs are discretionary. At the end of each fiscal year, the Company determines the amount of discretionary cash bonus expense. These estimates reflect an assessment of performance versus targets and other key performance indicators at the Company, operating segment and employee level. The Company also reviews compensation and benefits expenses throughout the year to determine how overall performance compares to management’s expectations. These and other factors, including historical performance, are taken into account in accruing discretionary cash compensation estimates quarterly.

Concentrations

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, BlackRock, Inc. accounted for 11.9% and 11.5%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated operating revenues while no single customer represented 10.0% or more of the Company’s consolidated operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, BlackRock, Inc. accounted for 20.1%, 20.0% and 17.3%, respectively, of the Index segment’s operating revenues. No single customer accounted for 10.0% or more of operating revenues within the Analytics and All Other segments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

 

 

2. RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES

 

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” or ASU 2016-02. The FASB issued ASU 2016-02 in order to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. To meet that objective, the FASB amended the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and

F-15


created Topic 842, Leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2018.

In July 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases,” or ASU 2018-10, and Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, “Targeted Improvements,” or ASU 2018-11. The amendments in ASU 2018-10 include how an entity should perform the lease classification reassessment, a clarification that a change in a reference index or rate upon which some or all of the variable lease payments in the contract are based does not constitute the resolution of a contingency and a clarification as to whether to recognize a transition adjustment in earnings rather than through equity when an entity initially applies Topic 842 retrospectively to each prior reporting period. The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide an optional transition method that permits an entity to initially apply the new guidance at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption and not recast comparative periods. As a result, prior period financial statements and disclosures will continue to be presented in accordance with ASC Topic 840. In addition, ASU 2018-11 also includes a practical expedient for lessors to not separate the lease and non-lease components of a contract. The effective date for this amendment is the same as ASU 2016-02 discussed above.

The Company will be adopting ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method available under ASU 2018-11. In preparation for adoption of the guidance, the Company is implementing internal controls and key system functionality to enable the preparation of financial information.  MSCI will take advantage of the transition package of practical expedients permitted within the new guidance which, among other things, will allow the Company to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, MSCI will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. The Company will make an accounting policy election that will keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and will result in recognizing those lease payments in the Consolidated Statement of Income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of the guidance, the guidance will have a material impact on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition but will not have a material impact on the Consolidated Statement of Income or Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The most significant impact will be the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for operating leases. Adoption of the guidance will result in the recognition and presentation of total operating lease ROU assets estimated to be approximately $170.0 million to $190.0 million and total operating lease liabilities estimated to be approximately $190.0 million to $210.0 million, both as of January 1, 2019.

MSCI does not believe the new guidance will have a material impact on its liquidity and under its current agreements it will have no impact on its debt-covenant compliance.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” or ASU 2016-13. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 introduce an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, modify the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provide for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business,” or ASU 2017-01. The amendments in ASU 2017-01 provide a screen to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. Under ASU 2017-01, an entity first determines whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If this threshold is met, the set is not a business. If it is not met, the entity then evaluates whether the set meets the requirement that a business include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. ASU 2017-01 also narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in ASC Topic 606. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” or ASU 2017-04. The amendments in ASU

F-16


2017-04 simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities. Instead, under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, an entity performs its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, but not more than the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-07, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost,” or ASU 2017-07. The FASB issued ASU 2017-07 in order to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. ASU 2017-07 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Entities should apply these amendments retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in the income statement and prospectively, on and after the effective date, for the capitalization of the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit in assets. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2017-07, the Company has restated the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2017 by reclassifying $0.6 million of non-service related pension costs from “Operating Expenses” to “Other expense (income).”

In May 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Scope of Modification Accounting,” or ASU 2017-09. The FASB issued ASU 2017-09 in order to reduce the diversity in practice, as well as the cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation,” to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The amendments in ASU 2017-09 provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” ASU 2017-09 provides that an entity shall account for the effects of a modification of the terms or conditions of an equity award as an exchange of the original award for a new award, unless the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used), the vesting conditions and the classification of the modified award are the same as the original award immediately before the award is modified. ASU 2017-09 requires reporting organizations to apply the amendments prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40),” or ASU 2018-15, to help entities evaluate the accounting for costs of implementation activities incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for deferring implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with those incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. ASU 2018-15 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company will be early-adopting ASU 2018-15 under the prospective transition method effective January 1, 2019.

In August 2018, the SEC issued release number 33-10532, “Disclosure Update and Simplification,” to facilitate the disclosure of information to investors and simplify compliance without significantly altering the total mix of information provided to investors. The amendments in this release are effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after November 5, 2018. As a result of the amendments, the Company will be required to, among other things, present, in the form of a reconciliation either as a separate statement or in the footnotes in interim and annual periods, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interests, which will need to be accompanied by dividends per share and in the aggregate for its common shares outstanding.

 

3. REVENUE RECOGNITION

MSCI adopted the new revenue standard set forth under ASC Topic 606, as of January 1, 2018 using the Modified Retrospective Approach and as such, applied the new revenue standard only to contracts that were not

F-17


completed at the January 1, 2018 adoption date, while prior reporting periods are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance to our historic accounting policy under Accounting Standards Codification 605 “Revenue Recognition.” The cumulative impact of adoption on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition was as follows (in thousands):

 

Selected line items

 

As reported  at December 31, 2017

 

 

Adjustments due to  Adoption of ASC Topic 606

 

 

Adjusted as of December 31, 2017

 

Statement of Financial Condition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts receivable

 

$

327,597

 

 

$

145,803

 

 

$

473,400

 

Income taxes payable

 

$

14,828

 

 

$

4,314

 

 

$

19,142

 

Other accrued liabilities

 

$

85,710

 

 

$

5,128

 

 

$

90,838

 

Deferred revenue

 

$

374,365

 

 

$

120,226

 

 

$

494,591

 

Retained earnings

 

$

1,505,204

 

 

$

16,135

 

 

$

1,521,339

 

 

Included in the above adjustments is an increase of approximately $135.5 million primarily to accounts receivable and deferred revenue and other accrued liabilities with no impact to retained earnings. Under the new revenue standard, the Company now records an accounts receivable and an associated deferred revenue and other accrued liabilities when it bills the customer. Under the old revenue standard, these amounts were not recorded until the contract service start date.

The impact of adopting the new revenue standard on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income through the date of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

 

Selected line items

 

As reported

 

 

Impact of Change

 

 

Without Adoption of ASC Topic 606

 

Statement of Income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Operating revenues

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

(6,181

)

 

$

1,427,803

 

Operating income

 

$

686,898

 

 

$

(6,181

)

 

$

680,717

 

Income before provision for income taxes

 

$

629,896

 

 

$

(6,181

)

 

$

623,715

 

Provision for income taxes

 

$

122,011

 

 

$

(1,236

)

 

$

120,775

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

(4,945

)

 

$

502,940

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

(0.06

)

 

$

5.77

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

(0.06

)

 

$

5.60

 

 

The impact of adopting the new revenue standard on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition through the date of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

December 31, 2018

 

Selected line items

 

As reported

 

 

Impact of Change

 

 

Without Adoption of ASC Topic 606

 

Statement of Financial Condition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts receivable

 

$

473,433

 

 

$

(148,209

)

 

$

325,224

 

Income taxes payable

 

$

16,253

 

 

$

(5,550

)

 

$

10,703

 

Other accrued liabilities

 

$

113,841

 

 

$

(6,078

)

 

$

107,763

 

Deferred revenue

 

$

537,977

 

 

$

(115,501

)

 

$

422,476

 

Retained earnings

 

$

1,856,951

 

 

$

(21,080

)

 

$

1,835,871

 

 

F-18


The table that follows presents the disaggregated revenues for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 

 

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

 

 

 

Segments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

 

Analytics

 

 

All Other

 

 

Total

 

Product Types

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recurring subscriptions

 

$

477,612

 

 

$

474,334

 

 

$

114,590

 

 

$

1,066,536

 

Asset-based fees

 

 

336,565

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

336,565

 

Non-recurring

 

 

21,298

 

 

 

5,605

 

 

 

3,980

 

 

 

30,883

 

Total

 

$

835,475

 

 

$

479,939

 

 

$

118,570

 

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

The table that follows presents the change in accounts receivable and deferred revenue between the dates indicated (in thousands):

 

 

 

December 31, 2018

 

 

 

Accounts receivable

 

 

Deferred revenue

 

Opening (1/1/2018)

 

$

473,400

 

 

$

494,591

 

Closing (12/31/2018)

 

 

473,433

 

 

 

537,977

 

Increase/(decrease)

 

$

33

 

 

$

43,386

 

 

The amount of revenue recognized in the period that was included in the opening current deferred revenue, which reflects the contract liability amounts, was $478.8 million. The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s deferred revenue was primarily driven by an increase in billings, partially offset by the amortization of deferred revenue to operating revenues. MSCI had an insignificant long-term deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2018 reflected as a part of “Other non-current liabilities” on its Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

The majority of MSCI’s contracts have a duration of one year or less and, accordingly, revenue associated with these performance obligations will be recognized within 12 months. For these contracts, the Company has chosen to use the practical expedient available under the new revenue standard and, as such, has not disclosed either the remaining performance obligation as of the end of the reporting period or when the Company expects to recognize the revenue. The remaining performance obligations for contracts that have a duration of greater than one year is $483.4 million as of December 31, 2018, which is expected to be recognized as follows:

 

Approximately $254.2 million of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12-month period;

 

Approximately $137.9 million of the remaining performance obligations over the second 12-month period;

 

Approximately $56.2 million of the remaining performance obligations over the third 12-month period; and

 

Approximately $35.1 million of the remaining performance obligations in the periods thereafter.

 

 

4. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing income available to MSCI common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Common shares outstanding include common stock and vested restricted stock unit awards where recipients have satisfied either the explicit vesting terms or retirement-eligible requirements. Diluted EPS reflects the assumed conversion of all dilutive securities. There were 2,704, 987 and 398 anti-dilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, because of their anti-dilutive effect.

F-19


The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted EPS:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding

 

 

87,179

 

 

 

90,336

 

 

 

95,986

 

Effect of dilutive securities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stock options and restricted stock units

 

 

2,522

 

 

 

1,578

 

 

 

554

 

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding

 

 

89,701

 

 

 

91,914

 

 

 

96,540

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

5.83

 

 

$

3.36

 

 

$

2.72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

5.66

 

 

$

3.31

 

 

$

2.70

 

 

 

5. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal matters. From time to time, the Company is party to various litigation matters incidental to the conduct of its business. The Company is not presently party to any legal proceedings the resolution of which the Company believes would have a material effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Leases. The Company leases facilities under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. The terms of certain lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. The Company recognizes rent expense on the straight-line basis over the lease period and has accrued for rent expense incurred but not paid. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $25.3 million, $24.2 million and $24.2 million, respectively.

Future minimum commitments for the Company’s operating leases in place as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

 

Years Ending December 31,

 

Amount

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

2019

 

$

25,868

 

2020

 

 

24,619

 

2021

 

 

23,452

 

2022

 

 

21,832

 

2023

 

 

21,818

 

Thereafter

 

 

107,800

 

Total

 

$

225,389

 

 

Senior Notes. The Company has issued an aggregate of $2.6 billion in senior unsecured notes (collectively, the “Senior Notes”) in the four discrete private offerings described below.

F-20


 

 

 

 

 

Principal

amount

outstanding at

 

 

Carrying value at

 

 

Carrying value at

 

 

Fair Value at

 

 

Fair Value at

 

 

 

Maturity Date

 

December 31, 2018

 

 

December 31, 2018

 

 

December 31, 2017

 

 

December 31, 2018

 

 

December 31, 2017

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Long-term debt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2024

 

November 15, 2024

 

$

800,000

 

 

$

793,054

 

 

$

791,880

 

 

$

802,576

 

 

$

847,064

 

5.75% senior unsecured notes due 2025

 

August 15, 2025

 

 

800,000

 

 

 

793,016

 

 

 

791,967

 

 

 

807,088

 

 

 

858,848

 

4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2026

 

August 1, 2026

 

 

500,000

 

 

 

494,916

 

 

 

494,246

 

 

 

475,520

 

 

 

525,185

 

5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2027

 

May 15, 2027

 

 

500,000

 

 

 

494,516

 

 

 

 

 

489,745

 

 

 

Total debt

 

 

 

$

2,600,000

 

 

$

2,575,502

 

 

$

2,078,093

 

 

$

2,574,929

 

 

$

2,231,097

 

 

The fair market value of the Company’s debt obligations is determined in accordance with accounting standards related to the determination of fair value and represents Level 2 valuations, which are based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not considered to be active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. The Company utilizes the market approach and obtains security pricing from a vendor who uses broker quotes and third-party pricing services to determine fair values.

The $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”) are scheduled to mature and be paid in full on November 15, 2024. At any time prior to November 15, 2019, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2024 Senior Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus (ii) a make-whole premium as of the date of redemption, plus (iii) accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, thereon, to the date of redemption. In addition, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2024 Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on or after November 15, 2019, at redemption prices set forth in the indenture governing the 2024 Senior Notes.

The $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.75% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) are scheduled to mature and be paid in full on August 15, 2025. At any time prior to August 15, 2020, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2025 Senior Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus (ii) a make-whole premium as of the date of redemption, plus (iii) accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, thereon, to the date of redemption. In addition, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2025 Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on or after August 15, 2020, at redemption prices set forth in the indenture governing the 2025 Senior Notes.

The $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the “2026 Senior Notes”) are scheduled to mature and be paid in full on August 1, 2026. At any time prior to August 1, 2021, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2026 Senior Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus (ii) a make-whole premium as of the date of redemption, plus (iii) accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, thereon, to the date of redemption. In addition, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2026 Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on or after August 1, 2021, at redemption prices set forth in the indenture governing the 2026 Senior Notes. At any time prior to August 1, 2019, the Company may use the proceeds of certain equity offerings to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Senior Notes, including any permitted additional notes, at a redemption price equal to 104.75% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date.

On May 18, 2018, the Company completed its private offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2027 (the “2027 Senior Notes”) reflected in the table above. The $495.0 million of net proceeds from the offering of the 2027 Senior Notes were allocated for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, buybacks of the Company’s common stock and potential acquisitions.  

F-21


The 2027 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature and be paid in full on May 15, 2027. At any time prior to May 15, 2022, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2027 Senior Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus (ii) a make-whole premium as of the date of redemption, plus (iii) accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, thereon, to the date of redemption. In addition, the Company may redeem all or part of the 2027 Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, on or after May 15, 2022, at redemption prices set forth in the indenture governing the 2027 Senior Notes. At any time prior to May 15, 2021, the Company may use the proceeds of certain equity offerings to redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Senior Notes, including any permitted additional notes, at a redemption price equal to 105.375% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date.

Interest payments attributable to the 2024 Senior Notes and 2027 Senior Notes are due on May 15th and November 15th of each year. Interest payments attributable to the 2025 Senior Notes are due on February 15th and August 15th of each year. Interest payments attributable to the 2026 Senior Notes are due on February 1st and August 1st of each year.

Revolver. On November 20, 2014, the Company entered into a $200.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (as amended, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of banks. The Revolving Credit Agreement had an initial term of five years with an option to extend for two additional one-year terms. On August 4, 2016, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 (the “First Amendment”) to the Revolving Credit Agreement. The First Amendment, among other things, (i) increased aggregate commitments available to be borrowed to $220.0 million, (ii) increased the maximum consolidated leverage ratio and (iii) extended the initial term to August 2021 with an option to extend for an additional one-year term. On May 15, 2018, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 (the “Second Amendment”) to the Revolving Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment, among other things, (i) increased aggregate commitments available to be borrowed to $250.0 million, (ii) extended the term to May 2023 with an option to extend for an additional one-year term and (iii) decreased the applicable rate and applicable fee rate for loans and commitments. At December 31, 2018, the Revolving Credit Agreement was undrawn.

In connection with the closings of the Senior Notes offerings and entry into the Revolving Credit Agreement and the First and Second Amendments, the Company paid certain fees which, together with the existing fees related to prior credit facilities, are being amortized over their related lives. At December 31, 2018, $26.3 million of the deferred financing fees remain unamortized, $0.4 million of which is included in “Prepaid and other assets,” $1.4 million of which is included in “Other non-current assets” and $24.5 million of which is grouped and presented as part of “Long-term debt” on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

 

 

6. PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND LEASEHOLD IMPROVEMENTS

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

 

 

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

Estimated

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

Useful Lives

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Computer & related equipment

 

2 to 5 years

 

$

200,414

 

 

$

200,592

 

Furniture & fixtures

 

7 years

 

 

12,033

 

 

 

10,591

 

Leasehold improvements

 

1 to 21 years

 

 

53,429

 

 

 

51,128

 

Work-in-process

 

 

 

10,506

 

 

 

3,406

 

Subtotal

 

 

 

 

276,382

 

 

 

265,717

 

Accumulated depreciation and amortization

 

 

 

 

(185,505

)

 

 

(171,280

)

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net

 

 

 

$

90,877

 

 

$

94,437

 

 

Depreciation and amortization expense of property, equipment and leasehold improvements was $31.3 million, $35.4 million and $34.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

 

F-22


 

7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

The change to the Company’s goodwill was as follows:

 

(in thousands)

 

Index

 

 

Analytics

 

 

All Other

 

 

Total

 

 

Goodwill at December 31, 2016

 

$

1,202,448

 

 

$

302,611

 

 

$

50,791

 

 

$

1,555,850

 

 

Foreign exchange translation adjustment

 

 

2,952

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,819

 

 

 

4,771

 

 

Goodwill at December 31, 2017

 

$

1,205,400

 

 

$

302,611

 

 

$

52,610

 

 

$

1,560,621

 

 

Changes to goodwill

 

 

 

 

 

(11,635

)

(1)

 

 

 

 

(11,635

)

 

Foreign exchange translation adjustment

 

 

(1,996

)

 

 

 

 

 

(1,229

)

 

 

(3,225

)

 

Goodwill at December 31, 2018

 

$

1,203,404

 

 

$

290,976

 

 

$

51,381

 

 

$

1,545,761

 

 

 

(1)          

Reflects the $2.9 million and $8.7 million impact of the Financial Engineering Associates, Inc. (“FEA”) and Investor Force Holdings, Inc. (“InvestorForce”) divestitures, respectively. See Note 12, “Divestitures” for further information regarding the FEA and InvestorForce divestitures.  

Through the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company has never recognized an impairment of goodwill on its consolidated financial statements.

Intangible Assets

Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $54.2 million, $44.5 million and $47.0 million, respectively. The amortization expense of acquired intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $44.0 million, $39.2 million and $44.6 million, respectively. The amortization expense of internally developed capitalized software for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $10.2 million, $5.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, management decided to discontinue the use of the IPD tradename utilized by the Real Estate segment and has rebranded the segment to MSCI Real Estate. As a result, the remaining unamortized value associated with the trade name of $7.9 million was written off.

F-23


The gross carrying and accumulated amortization amounts related to the Company’s identifiable intangible assets were as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

Estimated

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

Useful Lives

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Gross intangible assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Customer relationships(1)

 

5 to 21 years

 

$

356,700

 

 

$

361,199

 

Trademarks/trade names(1)

 

5 to 21.5 years

 

 

208,320

 

 

 

223,382

 

Technology/software(1), (2)

 

3 to 8.5 years

 

 

238,692

 

 

 

225,407

 

Proprietary data

 

13 years

 

 

28,627

 

 

 

28,627

 

Subtotal

 

 

 

 

832,339

 

 

 

838,615

 

Foreign exchange translation adjustment

 

 

 

 

(9,569

)

 

 

(9,167

)

Total gross intangible assets

 

 

 

$

822,770

 

 

$

829,448

 

Accumulated amortization:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Customer relationships(1)

 

 

 

$

(209,867

)

 

$

(189,100

)

Trademarks/trade names(1)

 

 

 

 

(123,345

)

 

 

(116,691

)

Technology/software(1), (2)

 

 

 

 

(198,974

)

 

 

(193,095

)

Proprietary data

 

 

 

 

(12,197

)

 

 

(10,352

)

Subtotal

 

 

 

 

(544,383

)

 

 

(509,238

)

Foreign exchange translation adjustment

 

 

 

 

2,416

 

 

 

1,626

 

Total accumulated amortization

 

 

 

$

(541,967

)

 

$

(507,612

)

Net intangible assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Customer relationships

 

 

 

$

146,833

 

 

$

172,099

 

Trademarks/trade names

 

 

 

 

84,975

 

 

 

106,691

 

Technology/software

 

 

 

 

39,718

 

 

 

32,312

 

Proprietary data

 

 

 

 

16,430

 

 

 

18,275

 

Subtotal

 

 

 

 

287,956

 

 

 

329,377

 

Foreign exchange translation adjustment

 

 

 

 

(7,153

)

 

 

(7,541

)

Total net intangible assets

 

 

 

$

280,803

 

 

$

321,836

 

(1)      A portion of the change reflects the impact of the InvestorForce divestiture. See Note 12, “Divestitures” for further information regarding the InvestorForce divestiture.  

(2)      A portion of the change reflects the impact of the FEA divestiture. See Note 12, “Divestitures” for further information regarding the FEA divestiture.

 

Estimated amortization expense for succeeding years is presented below:

 

Years Ending December 31,

 

Amortization

Expense

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

2019

 

$

47,886

 

2020

 

 

46,339

 

2021

 

 

42,286

 

2022

 

 

35,819

 

2023

 

 

32,778

 

Thereafter

 

 

75,695

 

Total

 

$

280,803

 

F-24


 

 

8. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

The Company sponsors a 401(k) plan for eligible U.S. employees and defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans that cover substantially all of its non-U.S. employees. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, costs relating to 401(k), pension and post-retirement benefit expenses were $22.8 million, $22.5 million and $21.6 million, respectively, which are included in various categories on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Amounts included in “Cost of revenues” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $10.2 million, $10.3 million and $9.5 million, respectively. Amounts included in “Selling and marketing” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $6.9 million, $6.5 million and $6.7 million, respectively. Amounts included in “Research and development” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $3.8 million, $3.8 million and $4.0 million, respectively. Amounts included in “General and administrative” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $1.8 million, $1.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Amounts included in “Other expense (income)” for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were less than $0.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

401(k) and Other Defined Contribution Plans. Eligible employees may participate in the MSCI 401(k) plan (or any other regional defined contribution plan sponsored by MSCI) immediately upon hire. Eligible employees receive 401(k) and other defined contribution plan matching contributions, which are subject to vesting and certain other limitations. The Company’s expenses associated with the 401(k) plan and other defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $19.2 million, $18.6 million and $17.6 million, respectively.

Net Periodic Benefit Expense. Net periodic benefit expense incurred by the Company related to defined benefit pension plans was $3.6 million, $3.9 million and $4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company uses a measurement date of December 31 to calculate obligations under its pension and postretirement plans. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company carried a net liability of $21.3 million and $22.0 million, respectively, in “Other non-current liabilities” on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition related to its future pension obligations. The fair value of the defined benefit plan assets were $21.7 million and $20.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

 

9. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

This note reflects the share repurchases and related activity as well as share-based compensation activity recognized by the Company, for all periods referenced.

Return of capital 

On October 26, 2016, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program for the purchase of up to $750.0 million worth of shares of the Company’s common stock (together with the amount then remaining under a previously existing share repurchase program, the “2016 Repurchase Program”).

 

On May 1, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase program for the purchase of up to $1.0 billion worth of shares of the Company’s common stock (together with the $523.1 million of authorization then remaining under the 2016 Repurchase Program, the “2018 Repurchase Program”). Share repurchases made pursuant to the 2018 Repurchase Program may take place in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time based on market and other conditions. This authorization may be modified, suspended or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time without prior notice. As of December 31, 2018, there was $808.1 million of available authorization remaining under the 2018 Repurchase Program.

 

F-25


The following table provides information with respect to repurchases of the Company’s common stock pursuant to open market repurchases:

 

Year Ended

 

Average

Price

Paid Per

Share

 

 

Total

Number of

Shares

Repurchased

 

 

Dollar

Value of Shares

Repurchased

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

December 31, 2018

 

$

148.34

 

 

 

6,236

 

 

$

924,989

 

December 31, 2017

 

$

87.96

 

 

 

1,556

 

 

$

136,899

 

December 31, 2016

 

$

73.71

 

 

 

10,303

 

 

$

759,427

 

The following table presents cash dividends declared and distributed per common share for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Dividends

 

 

 

Per Share

 

 

Declared

 

 

Distributed

 

 

Deferred

 

2018

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

$

0.38

 

 

$

34,848

 

 

$

34,900

 

 

$

(52

)

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

0.38

 

 

 

34,254

 

 

 

33,935

 

 

 

319

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

0.58

 

 

 

52,264

 

 

 

51,764

 

 

 

500

 

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

 

0.58

 

 

 

50,907

 

 

 

50,434

 

 

 

473

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

$

1.92

 

 

$

172,273

 

 

$

171,033

 

 

$

1,240

 

2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

$

0.28

 

 

$

25,769

 

 

$

25,500

 

 

$

269

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

0.28

 

 

 

25,710

 

 

 

25,444

 

 

 

266

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

0.38

 

 

 

34,768

 

 

 

34,403

 

 

 

365

 

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

 

0.38

 

 

 

34,745

 

 

 

34,448

 

 

 

297

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

$

1.32

 

 

$

120,992

 

 

$

119,795

 

 

$

1,197

 

2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Three Months Ended March 31,

 

$

0.22

 

 

$

22,046

 

 

$

21,889

 

 

$

157

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

0.22

 

 

 

21,588

 

 

 

21,391

 

 

 

197

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

0.28

 

 

 

26,936

 

 

 

26,680

 

 

 

256

 

Three Months Ended December 31,

 

0.28

 

 

 

26,524

 

 

 

26,304

 

 

 

220

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

$

1.00

 

 

$

97,094

 

 

$

96,264

 

 

$

830

 

 

F-26


Common Stock

The following table presents activity related to shares of common stock issued and repurchased for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Common

 

 

Treasury

 

 

Common Stock

 

 

 

Stock Issued

 

 

Stock

 

 

Outstanding

 

Balance At December 31, 2015

 

 

128,200,189

 

 

 

(27,187,041

)

 

 

101,013,148

 

Dividend payable/paid

 

 

892

 

 

 

(472

)

 

 

420

 

Common stock issued and exercise of stock options

 

 

788,304

 

 

 

 

 

 

788,304

 

Shares withheld for tax withholding and exercises

 

 

 

 

 

(219,921

)

 

 

(219,921

)

Shares repurchased under stock repurchase programs

 

 

 

 

 

(10,303,047

)

 

 

(10,303,047

)

Shares issued to directors

 

 

6,959

 

 

 

(6,273

)

 

 

686

 

Balance At December 31, 2016

 

 

128,996,344

 

 

 

(37,716,754

)

 

 

91,279,590

 

Dividend payable/paid

 

 

684

 

 

 

(528

)

 

 

156

 

Common stock issued and exercise of stock options

 

 

538,448

 

 

 

 

 

 

538,448

 

Shares withheld for tax withholding and exercises

 

 

 

 

 

(157,667

)

 

 

(157,667

)

Shares repurchased under stock repurchase programs

 

 

 

 

 

(1,556,313

)

 

 

(1,556,313

)

Shares issued to directors

 

 

8,380

 

 

 

(7,709

)

 

 

671

 

Balance At December 31, 2017

 

 

129,543,856

 

 

 

(39,438,971

)

 

 

90,104,885

 

Dividend payable/paid

 

 

734

 

 

 

(579

)

 

 

155

 

Common stock issued and exercise of stock options

 

 

479,277

 

 

 

 

 

 

479,277

 

Shares withheld for tax withholding and exercises

 

 

 

 

 

(174,991

)

 

 

(174,991

)

Shares repurchased under stock repurchase programs

 

 

 

 

 

(6,235,629

)

 

 

(6,235,629

)

Shares issued to directors

 

 

6,059

 

 

 

(5,618

)

 

 

441

 

Balance At December 31, 2018

 

 

130,029,926

 

 

 

(45,855,788

)

 

 

84,174,138

 

 

Shared-Based Compensation

The Company regularly issues share-based compensation to its employees and directors who are not employees of the Company. The accounting guidance for share-based compensation requires measurement of compensation cost for share-based awards at fair value and recognition of compensation cost over the service period, net of estimated forfeitures.

In February 2019, the Company granted a portion of its employees awards in the form of RSUs and MSUs. The total number of units granted was 396,090. The aggregate fair value of the awards was $50.4 million, of which approximately $0.2 million had been expensed in the year ended December 31, 2018 in relation to awards granted to retirement-eligible employees under the award terms. A portion of the awards granted consisted of RSUs vesting over a three-year period, with one-third vesting on each anniversary of the grant in 2020, 2021 and 2022. A smaller portion of the awards granted consisted of MSUs that will time-vest over a three-year period and a five-year period and are subject to the achievement of the applicable absolute total shareholder return compounded annual growth rate measured over a three-year and five-year performance period, respectively.

For a small group of awards granted by the Company, all or a portion of the award may be cancelled in certain limited situations, including termination for cause, if employment is terminated before the end of the relevant restriction period. For the remainder of the awards granted by the Company, all or a portion of the award may be canceled if employment is terminated for certain reasons before the end of the relevant restriction period for non-retirement-eligible employees.

In connection with awards under its equity-based compensation and benefit plans, the Company is authorized to use newly issued shares or certain shares of common stock held in treasury.

F-27


The components of share-based compensation expense related to the awards to Company employees and directors who are not employees of the Company are presented below:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

(in thousands)

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

Share-based Awards

 

$

40,563

 

 

$

37,921

 

 

$

32,525

 

 

The following table presents the amount of share-based compensation expense by category for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

(in thousands)

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

Cost of revenues

 

$

10,334

 

 

$

9,707

 

 

$

7,971

 

Selling and marketing

 

 

12,851

 

 

 

11,355

 

 

 

9,526

 

Research and development

 

 

4,175

 

 

 

3,477

 

 

 

2,970

 

General and administrative

 

 

13,203

 

 

 

13,382

 

 

 

12,058

 

Total share-based compensation expense

 

$

40,563

 

 

$

37,921

 

 

$

32,525

 

 

The tax benefits for share-based compensation expense related to RSUs, PSUs and MSUs (together, the “Share-based Awards”) as well as stock options granted to Company employees and to directors who are not employees of the Company were $8.8 million, $5.5 million and $7.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, $24.6 million of compensation cost related to MSCI unvested share-based awards granted to the Company’s employees and to directors who are not employees of the Company had not yet been recognized. The unrecognized compensation cost relating to unvested stock-based awards expected to vest will be recognized primarily over the next one to three years.

In connection with awards under its equity-based compensation and benefit plans, the Company is authorized to issue shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2018, 7.0 million shares of common stock were available for future grants under these plans.

Share-based Awards. Certain Company employees have been granted share-based awards pursuant to a share-based compensation plan. The plan provides for the deferral of a portion of certain employees’ discretionary compensation with awards made in the form of Share-based Awards. Recipients of Share-based Awards generally have rights to receive dividend equivalents that are subject to vesting. The Company reports the target number of PSUs and MSUs granted unless it has determined, based on the actual achievement of performance measures, that an employee will receive a different amount of shares underlying the PSUs and MSUs, in which case the Company reports the amount of shares employees are likely to receive.

F-28


The following table presents activity concerning the Company’s vested and unvested Share-based Awards applicable to its employees (share data in thousands) for the period indicated:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grant

 

 

 

Number of

 

 

Date Fair

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

 

Shares

 

 

Value

 

Vested and unvested Share-based Awards at

   December 31, 2017

 

 

1,419

 

 

$

68.50

 

Granted

 

 

332

 

 

$

117.64

 

Conversion to common stock

 

 

(451

)

 

$

65.40

 

Canceled

 

 

(12

)

 

$

87.17

 

Vested and unvested Share-based Awards at

   December 31, 2018 (1)

 

 

1,288

 

 

$

82.09

 

 

(1)

As of December 31, 2018, 1,261 Share-based Awards, with a weighted average price of $81.51, were vested or expected to vest.

The total fair value of Share-based Awards held by the Company’s employees that converted to MSCI common stock during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $63.6 million, $30.3 million and $39.4 million, respectively.

The following table presents activity concerning the Company’s unvested Share-based Awards related to its employees (share data in thousands):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grant

 

 

 

Number of

 

 

Date Fair

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

 

Shares

 

 

Value

 

Unvested Share-based Awards at December 31, 2017

 

 

1,166

 

 

$

69.96

 

Granted

 

 

280

 

 

$

124.66

 

Vested

 

 

(332

)

 

$

68.41

 

Canceled

 

 

(12

)

 

$

87.17

 

Unvested Share-based Awards at December 31, 2018

 

 

1,102

 

 

$

84.14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unvested Share-based Awards expected to vest

 

 

1,075

 

 

$

83.51

 

 

Stock Option Awards. No stock options were issued during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The following table presents activity concerning MSCI stock options granted to the Company’s employees for the year ended December 31, 2018 (option data and dollar values in thousands, except exercise price):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted

 

 

Average

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number

 

 

Average

 

 

Remaining

 

 

Aggregated

 

 

 

of

 

 

Exercise

 

 

Life

 

 

Intrinsic

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

 

Options

 

 

Price

 

 

(Years)

 

 

Value

 

Options outstanding at December 31, 2017

 

 

145

 

 

$

26.47

 

 

 

2.11

 

 

$

14,519

 

Granted or assumed

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

N/A

 

 

N/A

 

Forfeited

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

N/A

 

 

N/A

 

Conversion to common stock

 

 

(33

)

 

$

18.14

 

 

N/A

 

 

N/A

 

Options outstanding and exercisable at

     December 31, 2018

 

 

112

 

 

$

28.96

 

 

1.28

 

 

$

13,239

 

F-29


 

All outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2018 are vested and exercisable.

 

The following table presents information relating to the Company’s outstanding and exercisable stock options as of December 31, 2018 (number of options outstanding and aggregate intrinsic value data in thousands):

 

As of December 31, 2018

 

 

Options Outstanding

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted

 

 

Average

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

 

 

Remaining

 

 

Aggregate

 

 

 

 

 

Number

 

 

Exercise

 

 

Life

 

 

Intrinsic

 

Range of Exercise Prices

 

 

Outstanding

 

 

Price

 

 

(Years)

 

 

Value

 

$15.18 to $16.48

 

 

 

12

 

 

$

16.48

 

 

 

0.15

 

 

$

1,521

 

$20.45 to $24.11

 

 

 

14

 

 

$

20.45

 

 

 

0.65

 

 

$

1,798

 

$

25.64

 

 

 

36

 

 

$

25.64

 

 

 

0.96

 

 

$

4,409

 

$

36.70

 

 

 

50

 

 

$

36.70

 

 

 

1.95

 

 

$

5,511

 

Total

 

 

 

112

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

13,239

 

 

The intrinsic value of the stock options exercised by the Company’s employees during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $4.8 million, $10.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

 

 

10. RECLASSIFICATIONS OUT OF ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

As required by ASC Subtopic 220-10, “Comprehensive Income—Overall,” the following table presents the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by the respective line item in the Consolidated Statement of Income:

Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Details about Accumulated Other

 

Amount Reclassified from Accumulated

 

 

Affected Line Item in the

Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components

 

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 

 

Consolidated Statements of Income

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Defined benefit pension plans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amount recognized as a component

   of net periodic benefit expense for

   curtailments and settlements

 

$

(222

)

 

$

(281

)

 

$

(261

)

 

 

Income Taxes

 

54

 

 

77

 

 

73

 

 

Provision for income taxes

Total reclassifications for the period,

   net of tax

 

$

(168

)

 

$

(204

)

 

$

(188

)

 

 

 

(1)

Amounts in parentheses indicate expenses or losses moved to the Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

 

 

F-30


11. INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes (benefits) by taxing jurisdiction consisted of:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. federal

 

$

51,316

 

 

$

133,250

 

 

$

93,071

 

U.S. state and local

 

 

31,680

 

 

 

16,312

 

 

 

16,363

 

Non U.S.

 

 

39,795

 

 

 

32,267

 

 

 

32,616

 

 

 

 

122,791

 

 

 

181,829

 

 

 

142,050

 

Deferred

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. federal

 

 

(1,406

)

 

 

(12,502

)

 

 

(13,010

)

U.S. state and local

 

 

5,566

 

 

 

(2,119

)

 

 

(2,235

)

Non U.S.

 

 

(4,940

)

 

 

(4,281

)

 

 

(1,722

)

 

 

 

(780

)

 

 

(18,902

)

 

 

(16,967

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Provision for income taxes

 

$

122,011

 

 

$

162,927

 

 

$

125,083

 

 

The following table reconciles the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

U.S. federal statutory income tax rate

 

 

21.00

%

 

 

35.00

%

 

 

35.00

%

U.S. state and local income taxes, net of U.S.

   federal income tax benefits

 

 

4.66

%

 

 

1.84

%

 

 

2.38

%

Change in tax rates applicable to non-U.S.

   earnings

 

 

(2.20

%)

 

 

(7.60

%)

 

 

(3.73

%)

Domestic tax credits and incentives

 

 

(0.30

%)

 

 

(0.24

%)

 

 

(0.26

%)

Net tax charge related to Tax Reform

 

 

(1.78

%)

 

 

7.40

%

 

 

%

Valuation allowance

 

 

(1.41

%)

 

 

%

 

 

%

Excess Stock Based Compensation

 

 

(1.14

%)

 

 

(1.25

%)

 

 

%

Other

 

 

0.54

%

 

 

(0.25

%)

 

 

(0.98

%)

Effective income tax rate

 

 

19.37

%

 

 

34.90

%

 

 

32.41

%

 

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform”).  Given the significance of the legislation, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, “Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” (“SAB 118”), which allowed registrants to record provisional amounts during a one year “measurement period” similar to that used when accounting for business combinations. 

Tax Reform significantly revised the U.S. corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a one-time tax on deemed repatriation of historic earnings and profits (“E&P”) of foreign subsidiaries (the “Toll Charge”). The provisions of Tax Reform began impacting the Company for the annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 31, 2017 as well as during the three months ended December 31, 2017. The U.S. federal income tax rate reduction was effective as of January 1, 2018.

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company’s provisional accounting for the effects of Tax Reform resulted in a net charge of $34.5 million in the provision for income taxes for MSCI that primarily included an estimated tax charge of approximately $47.5 million related to the Toll Charge and an estimated tax charge of approximately $16.0 million related to a change in assertion that those profits were permanently reinvested overseas

F-31


as of December 31, 2017, partially offset by an estimated tax benefit of approximately $29.0 million related to the revaluation of deferred taxes at the now-lower statutory corporate rate.

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company finalized the Toll Charge and determined the final impact of Tax Reform, resulting in a net benefit of $11.2 million that included a benefit of $5.7 million on the change to the provisional estimate of the Toll Charge and a benefit of $2.6 million for a reduction in the expected withholding taxes from Switzerland. The Company also recorded a benefit of $2.9 million related to the revaluation of deferred taxes at the lower statutory rate as a result of tax planning. The cumulative net charge of Tax Reform was $23.3 million.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such differences are expected to reverse. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, were as follows:

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Deferred tax assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Employee compensation and benefit plans

 

$

19,698

 

 

$

19,646

 

Deferred rent

 

 

5,392

 

 

 

5,308

 

Pension

 

 

2,466

 

 

 

1,520

 

Unearned revenue

 

 

 

 

 

853

 

Loss carryforwards - non-current

 

 

2,941

 

 

 

18,105

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

1,435

 

Subtotal

 

 

30,497

 

 

 

46,867

 

Less: valuation allowance

 

 

(632

)

 

 

(11,575

)

Total deferred tax assets

 

$

29,865

 

 

$

35,292

 

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Intangible assets

 

$

(65,538

)

 

$

(73,634

)

Unearned revenue

 

 

(1,170

)

 

 

 

Unremitted foreign earnings

 

 

(12,872

)

 

 

(16,108

)

Property, equipment and leasehold

   improvements, net

 

 

(16,369

)

 

 

(11,564

)

Other

 

 

(1,021

)

 

 

 

Total deferred tax liabilities

 

$

(96,970

)

 

$

(101,306

)

Net deferred tax liabilities

 

$

(67,105

)

 

$

(66,014

)

 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company sold two of its U.S. subsidiaries, InvestorForce and FEA. See Note 12, “Divestitures,” for additional information. As a result of these divestitures, the Company was able to utilize the $42.4 million of capital loss carryover held on the books, against which a full valuation allowance was recorded.  The tax value of the U.S. portion of the net operating loss carryforwards is $16.0 million which is subject to an annual limitation on utilization and will begin to expire in 2024. As of December 31, 2018, the tax value of foreign net operating loss carryforwards was $0.6 million with a related valuation allowance of $0.6 million.

 

F-32


The following table presents changes in the Company’s deferred tax asset valuation allowance for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Beginning balance

 

$

11,575

 

 

$

17,807

 

 

$

21,052

 

Additions charged to cost and expenses

 

 

 

 

 

324

 

 

 

1,862

 

Additions charged to other accounts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deductions

 

 

(10,943

)

 

 

(6,556

)

 

 

(5,107

)

Ending balance

 

$

632

 

 

$

11,575

 

 

$

17,807

 

 

The following table presents the components of income before provision for income taxes generated by domestic or foreign operations for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Domestic

 

$

399,000

 

 

$

283,779

 

 

$

263,536

 

Foreign (1)

 

 

230,896

 

 

 

183,120

 

 

 

122,402

 

Total income before provision for income taxes

 

$

629,896

 

 

$

466,899

 

 

$

385,938

 

 

(1)

Foreign income before provision for income taxes is defined as income generated from operations located outside the U.S., which includes income from foreign branches of U.S. companies.

Cumulative earnings attributable to foreign subsidiaries were $289.5 million, $450.7 million and $341.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The Company has recorded a $16.0 million charge to provision for income taxes related to foreign withholding taxes that would be payable upon repatriation. As of December 31, 2018, the Company asserts that the earnings in its India subsidiary accumulated after January 1, 2018 will be permanently reinvested.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional assessments in each of the taxing jurisdictions in which it files income tax returns. The Company has established unrecognized tax benefits that the Company believes are adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments. Once established, the Company adjusts unrecognized tax benefits only when more information is available or when an event occurs necessitating a change. As part of the Company’s periodic review of unrecognized tax benefits and based on new information regarding the status of federal and state examinations, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits are remeasured. It is reasonably possible that significant changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the next 12 months. At this time, however, it is not possible to reasonably estimate the expected change to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits and the impact on the effective tax rate over the next 12 months.

The Company believes the resolution of tax matters will not have a material effect on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition of the Company, although a resolution could have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income for a particular future period and on the Company’s effective tax rate for any period in which such resolution occurs.

F-33


The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

Gross unrecognized tax benefits

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

(in thousands)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Beginning balance

 

$

10,022

 

 

$

7,936

 

 

$

8,692

 

Increases based on tax positions related to the

   current period

 

 

3,928

 

 

 

3,389

 

 

 

575

 

Increases based on tax positions related to

   prior periods

 

 

1,892

 

 

 

519

 

 

 

135

 

Decreases based on tax positions related to

   prior periods

 

 

(297

)

 

 

(6

)

 

 

(3

)

Decreases related to settlements

   with taxing authorities

 

 

 

 

 

(1,152

)

 

 

(1,463

)

Decreases related to a lapse of

   applicable statute of limitations

 

 

(1,454

)

 

 

(664

)

 

 

 

Ending balance

 

$

14,091

 

 

$

10,022

 

 

$

7,936

 

 

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $13.8 million, net of federal benefit of state issues, competent authority and foreign tax credit offsets, as of December 31, 2018, which, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in future periods. The Company recognizes the accrual of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the “Provision for income taxes” in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $0.2 million of interest in the Consolidated Statement of Income with respect to unrecognized tax benefits. No significant penalties were recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018. The amount of accrued interest, which includes interest related to uncertain tax positions and accrued income tax expense, recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2018 was $0.9 million.

The Company is under examination by the IRS and other tax authorities in certain jurisdictions, including foreign jurisdictions, such as India, and states in which the Company has significant operations, such as New York. The tax years currently under examination vary by jurisdiction but include years ranging from 2006 through 2017. As a result of having previously been a member of the Morgan Stanley consolidated group, the Company may have future settlements with Morgan Stanley related to the ultimate disposition of their New York State and New York City examination relating to the tax years 2007 and 2008 and their IRS examination relating to the tax years 2006 through 2008. The Company does not believe it has any material exposure to the New York State and New York City examinations. Additionally, the Company believes it has adequate reserves for any tax issues that may arise out of the IRS examination relating to the tax years 2006 through 2008 and therefore does not believe any related settlement with Morgan Stanley will have a material impact.

 

12. DIVESTITURES

Divestiture of FEA

On April 9, 2018, MSCI completed the FEA divestiture for $21.0 million in cash. The sale included $2.9 million of goodwill, $2.7 million of fully amortized identifiable intangible assets, $6.1 million of other net assets and $1.4 million of transaction costs, which resulted in a gain of $10.6 million included in “Other expense (income)” within the Consolidated Statement of Income. FEA was included as a component of the Analytics segment through the date of divestiture. The results of operations from FEA were not material to the Company.

Divestiture of InvestorForce

On October 12, 2018, the Company completed the InvestorForce divestiture for $62.0 million in cash plus an additional $0.8 million for working capital adjustment which is subject to change, $8.7 million of allocated goodwill, $4.0 million of identifiable intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, $0.7 million of other net

F-34


assets and $2.8 million of transaction costs, which resulted in a gain of approximately $46.6 million included in “Other expense (income)” within the Consolidated Statement of Income. InvestorForce was included as a component of the Analytics segment through the date of divestiture. The results of operations from InvestorForce were not material to the Company.  

 

13. SEGMENT INFORMATION

ASC Subtopic 280-10, “Segment Reporting,” establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. MSCI’s Chief Executive Officer and its President, who are considered to be its CODM, review financial information presented on an operating segment basis for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance.

The CODM measures and evaluates reportable segments based on segment operating revenues as well as Adjusted EBITDA and other measures. The Company excludes the following items from segment Adjusted EBITDA: provision for income taxes, other expense (income), net, depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements, amortization of intangible assets and, at times, certain other transactions or adjustments that the CODM does not consider for the purposes of making decisions to allocate resources among segments or to assess segment performance. Although these amounts are excluded from segment Adjusted EBITDA, they are included in reported consolidated net income and are included in the reconciliation that follows.

The Company’s computation of segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies because all companies do not calculate segment Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion.

Operating revenues and expenses directly associated with each segment are included in determining its operating results. Other expenses that are not directly attributable to a particular segment are based upon allocation methodologies, including time estimates, revenue, headcount, sales targets, data center consumption and other relevant usage measures. Due to the integrated structure of our business, certain costs incurred by one segment may benefit other segments. A segment may use the content and data produced by another segment without incurring an arm’s-length intersegment charge.

The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on an operating segment basis. Operating segments do not record intersegment revenue, and, accordingly, there is none to be reported. The accounting policies for segment reporting are the same as for MSCI as a whole.

The Company has four operating segments: Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate.

The Index operating segment is primarily a provider of equity indexes. The indexes are used in many areas of the investment process, including index-linked product creation and performance benchmarking, as well as portfolio construction and rebalancing and asset allocation.

The Analytics operating segment offers risk management, performance attribution and portfolio management content, applications and services that provide clients with an integrated view of risk and return and an analysis of market, credit, liquidity and counterparty risk across all major asset classes, spanning short, medium and long-term time horizons. Clients access Analytics content through MSCI’s own proprietary applications and application programming interfaces, or through third party applications or directly on their own platforms. The Analytics operating segment also provides various managed services to help clients operate more efficiently as well as address the needs of certain specialized areas of the investment community by providing a reporting service and performance reporting tools to institutional consultants and investors in hedge funds.

The ESG operating segment offers products and services that help institutional investors understand how ESG factors can impact the long-term risk of their investments. In addition, MSCI ESG Research data and ratings are used in the construction of equity and fixed income indexes to help institutional investors more effectively benchmark ESG investment performance, issue index-based investment products, as well as manage, measure and report on ESG mandates.  

F-35


The Real Estate operating segment includes research, reporting, market data and benchmarking offerings that provide real estate performance analysis for funds, investors and managers. Real Estate performance and risk analytics range from enterprise-wide to property-specific analysis. The Real Estate operating segment also provides business intelligence to real estate owners, managers, developers and brokers worldwide.  During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company disposed of the Real Estate occupiers business and recorded an immaterial gain on the disposition which was recorded in “Other expense (income),” in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The operating segments of ESG and Real Estate do not individually meet the segment reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of All Other for disclosure purposes.

The following table presents operating revenues by reportable segment for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Operating revenues

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

 

$

835,475

 

 

$

718,959

 

 

$

613,551

 

Analytics

 

 

479,939

 

 

 

458,269

 

 

 

448,353

 

All Other

 

 

118,570

 

 

 

96,944

 

 

 

88,765

 

Total

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

The following table presents segment profitability and a reconciliation to net income for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Index Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

607,853

 

 

$

522,241

 

 

$

431,478

 

Analytics Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

143,645

 

 

 

125,624

 

 

 

128,507

 

All Other Adjusted EBITDA

 

 

20,935

 

 

 

11,892

 

 

 

9,472

 

Total operating segment profitability

 

 

772,433

 

 

 

659,757

 

 

 

569,457

 

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

54,189

 

 

 

44,547

 

 

 

47,033

 

Depreciation and amortization of property,

   equipment and leasehold improvements

 

 

31,346

 

 

 

35,440

 

 

 

34,320

 

Operating income

 

 

686,898

 

 

 

579,770

 

 

 

488,104

 

Other expense (income), net

 

 

57,002

 

 

 

112,871

 

 

 

102,166

 

Provision for income taxes

 

 

122,011

 

 

 

162,927

 

 

 

125,083

 

Net income

 

$

507,885

 

 

$

303,972

 

 

$

260,855

 

 

F-36


Revenue by geography is based on the shipping address of the ultimate customer utilizing the product. The following table presents revenue by geographic area for the periods indicated:

 

 

 

Years Ended

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

(in thousands)

 

2018

 

 

 

2017

 

 

2016

 

Operating revenues

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Americas:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

$

662,345

 

 

$

622,132

 

 

$

556,777

 

Other

 

 

58,065

 

 

 

48,139

 

 

 

45,185

 

Total Americas

 

 

720,410

 

 

 

670,271

 

 

 

601,962

 

Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United Kingdom

 

 

214,204

 

 

 

193,831

 

 

 

175,749

 

Other

 

 

293,252

 

 

 

250,267

 

 

 

229,010

 

Total EMEA

 

 

507,456

 

 

 

444,098

 

 

 

404,759

 

Asia & Australia:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Japan

 

 

67,100

 

 

 

54,351

 

 

 

52,161

 

Other

 

 

139,018

 

 

 

105,452

 

 

 

91,787

 

Total Asia & Australia

 

 

206,118

 

 

 

159,803

 

 

 

143,948

 

Total

 

$

1,433,984

 

 

$

1,274,172

 

 

$

1,150,669

 

 

Long-lived assets consist of property, equipment, leasehold improvements, goodwill and intangible assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area on the dates indicated:

 

 

 

As of

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Long-lived assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Americas:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

$

1,803,321

 

 

$

1,847,605

 

Other

 

 

6,560

 

 

 

1,685

 

Total Americas

 

 

1,809,881

 

 

 

1,849,290

 

EMEA:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United Kingdom

 

 

80,039

 

 

 

94,782

 

Other

 

 

19,369

 

 

 

22,394

 

Total EMEA

 

 

99,408

 

 

 

117,176

 

Asia & Australia:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Japan

 

 

411

 

 

 

432

 

Other

 

 

7,741

 

 

 

9,996

 

Total Asia & Australia

 

 

8,152

 

 

 

10,428

 

Total

 

$

1,917,441

 

 

$

1,976,894

 

 

 

F-37


14. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited):

 

 

 

2018

 

 

2017

 

 

 

First

 

 

Second

 

 

Third

 

 

Fourth

 

 

First

 

 

Second

 

 

Third

 

 

Fourth

 

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

Quarter

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Operating revenues

 

$

351,316

 

 

$

363,046

 

 

$

357,934

 

 

$

361,688

 

 

$

301,207

 

 

$

316,089

 

 

$

322,097

 

 

$

334,779

 

Cost of revenues

 

 

71,304

 

 

 

71,368

 

 

 

70,906

 

 

 

73,757

 

 

 

67,463

 

 

 

68,538

 

 

 

68,433

 

 

 

69,247

 

Selling and marketing

 

 

46,409

 

 

 

47,416

 

 

 

46,149

 

 

 

52,949

 

 

 

42,972

 

 

 

41,550

 

 

 

44,873

 

 

 

47,726

 

Research and development

 

 

20,707

 

 

 

19,801

 

 

 

20,591

 

 

 

20,312

 

 

 

18,970

 

 

 

18,196

 

 

 

17,974

 

 

 

20,709

 

General and administrative

 

 

26,187

 

 

 

24,036

 

 

 

24,751

 

 

 

24,908

 

 

 

20,981

 

 

 

21,424

 

 

 

22,079

 

 

 

23,280

 

Amortization of intangible assets

 

 

11,338

 

 

 

19,537

 

 

 

11,681

 

 

 

11,633

 

 

 

11,251

 

 

 

11,122

 

 

 

10,614

 

 

 

11,560

 

Depreciation and amortization of

   property, equipment and

   leasehold improvements

 

 

8,205

 

 

 

7,377

 

 

 

7,453

 

 

 

8,311

 

 

 

8,838

 

 

 

9,159

 

 

 

9,325

 

 

 

8,118

 

Total operating expenses

 

 

184,150

 

 

 

189,535

 

 

 

181,531

 

 

 

191,870

 

 

 

170,475

 

 

 

169,989

 

 

 

173,298

 

 

 

180,640

 

Operating income

 

 

167,166

 

 

 

173,511

 

 

 

176,403

 

 

 

169,818

 

 

 

130,732

 

 

 

146,100

 

 

 

148,799

 

 

 

154,139

 

Interest income

 

 

(2,770

)

 

 

(4,281

)

 

 

(6,522

)

 

 

(6,096

)

 

 

(932

)

 

 

(1,310

)

 

 

(1,835

)

 

 

(2,237

)

Interest expense

 

 

29,560

 

 

 

31,761

 

 

 

35,902

 

 

 

35,891

 

 

 

29,024

 

 

 

29,027

 

 

 

29,020

 

 

 

29,027

 

Other expense (income)

 

 

938

 

 

 

(10,292

)

 

 

177

 

 

 

(47,266

)

 

 

1,015

 

 

 

872

 

 

 

811

 

 

 

389

 

Other expense (income), net

 

 

27,728

 

 

 

17,188

 

 

 

29,557

 

 

 

(17,471

)

 

 

29,107

 

 

 

28,589

 

 

 

27,996

 

 

 

27,179

 

Income before provision for income  taxes

 

 

139,438

 

 

 

156,323

 

 

 

146,846

 

 

 

187,289

 

 

 

101,625

 

 

 

117,511

 

 

 

120,803

 

 

 

126,960

 

Provision for income taxes

 

 

24,346

 

 

 

39,494

 

 

 

23,014

 

 

 

35,157

 

 

 

28,674

 

 

 

36,245

 

 

 

35,650

 

 

 

62,358

 

Net income

 

$

115,092

 

 

$

116,829

 

 

$

123,832

 

 

$

152,132

 

 

$

72,951

 

 

$

81,266

 

 

$

85,153

 

 

$

64,602

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per basic common share

 

$

1.28

 

 

$

1.31

 

 

$

1.39

 

 

$

1.75

 

 

$

0.80

 

 

$

0.90

 

 

$

0.94

 

 

$

0.72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Earnings per diluted common share

 

$

1.24

 

 

$

1.28

 

 

$

1.36

 

 

$

1.70

 

 

$

0.80

 

 

$

0.89

 

 

$

0.93

 

 

$

0.70

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weighted average shares outstanding

   used in computing per share data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic

 

 

90,075

 

 

 

89,112

 

 

 

88,796

 

 

 

86,968

 

 

 

90,708

 

 

 

90,404

 

 

 

90,112

 

 

 

90,130

 

Diluted

 

 

92,587

 

 

 

91,586

 

 

 

91,372

 

 

 

89,495

 

 

 

91,624

 

 

 

91,708

 

 

 

91,868

 

 

 

92,467

 

 

 

15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On January 30, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.58 per share of common stock to be paid on March 15, 2019 to shareholders of record as of the close of trading on February 22, 2019.

Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2018 and through February 15, 2019, the Company repurchased an additional 0.7 million shares of common stock at an average price of $147.97 per share for a total value of $102.1 million.

 

 

F-38