Form 6-K
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR
15d-16
UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the month of March, 2015.
Commission File Number 001-04546
UNILEVER PLC
(Translation of registrants name into English)
100 Victoria Embankment, London, England
(Address of principal executive office)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of
Form 20-F or Form 40-F.
Form 20-F þ Form 40-F ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by
Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): ¨
Note: Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1) only permits the submission in paper of a Form 6-K if submitted
solely to provide an attached annual report to security holders.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by
Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): ¨
Note: Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7) only permits the submission in paper of a Form 6-K if submitted to furnish a report or other document that the registrant foreign private issuer must furnish and make public under the laws of the jurisdiction in which the registrant is incorporated, domiciled or legally organized (the registrants home country), or under the rules of the home country exchange on which the registrants securities are traded, as long as the report or other document is not a press release, is not required to be and has not been distributed to the registrants security holders, and, if discussing a material event, has already been the subject of a Form 6-K submission or other Commission filing on EDGAR.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ¨ No þ
If Yes is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with
Rule 12g3-2(b): 82- .
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
This document may contain forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as will, aim, expects, anticipates, intends, looks, believes, vision, or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance.
Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which cause actual results to differ materially are: Unilevers global brands not meeting consumer preferences; Unilevers ability to innovate and remain competitive; Unilevers investment choices in its portfolio management; inability to find sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; the production of safe and high quality products; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; financial risks; failure to meet high and ethical standards; and managing regulatory, tax and legal matters. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Groups filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including in the Groups Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2014 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2014. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this document. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Groups expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | |
1 | Strategic Report | |
2 | Governance and Financial Report |
OUR PURPOSE
UNILEVER HAS A SIMPLE PURPOSE TO MAKE SUSTAINABLE LIVING COMMONPLACE. WE SEE IT AS THE BEST, LONG-TERM WAY FOR OUR BUSINESS TO GROW.
ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2014
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OUR ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2014 IS IN TWO PARTS:
OUR STRATEGIC REPORT The Strategic Report contains information about us, how we make money and how we run our business. It includes our strategy, business model, markets and Key Performance Indicators, as well as our approach to sustainability and risk.
GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORT The Governance and Financial Report contains detailed corporate governance information, how we mitigate risk, our Committee reports and how we remunerate our Directors, plus our Financial Statements and Notes. |
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Delivering value for our stakeholders | 17 | |||||
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ONLINE
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You can find more information about Unilever online at www.unilever.com. For the latest information on the USLP visit www.unilever.com/sustainable-living. Our Strategic Report and Governance and Financial Report, along with other relevant documents, can be downloaded at www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads. |
This Strategic Report has been approved by the Boards and signed on their behalf by Tonia Lovell Group Secretary. |
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Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 1 |
I AM PLEASED TO REPORT THAT 2014 WAS ANOTHER YEAR OF PROGRESS FOR UNILEVER ACROSS A NUMBER OF FRONTS DESPITE A DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENT FOR THE BUSINESS. |
2 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 3 |
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS REVIEW
UNILEVER CONTINUED TO GROW AHEAD OF ITS MARKETS IN 2014 AND RE-AFFIRMED ITS REPUTATION FOR CONSISTENT TOP AND BOTTOM LINE GROWTH, ENSURING CONTINUED RETURNS FOR INVESTORS. PAUL POLMAN, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, ANSWERS THE KEY QUESTIONS ABOUT 2014. |
Q: HOW WOULD YOU SUMMARISE 2014 FOR UNILEVER?
A: In a volatile environment consistency of results is key. Our model calls for consistent, competitive, profitable and responsible growth. With 2.9% underlying sales growth, and good profit progress, this is the fifth consecutive year of top and bottom line growth. This was achieved despite a challenging external environment.
Our business is growing ahead of our markets with 60% gaining share and we believe this growth is also competitive. The Unilever Sustainable Living Plan (USLP) helps to ensure growth is responsible. The consistency of our delivery is underlined by the fact that our average growth over the last five years is 4.9%, making us one of the most reliable performers in our industry.
Q: HOW WOULD YOU CHARACTERISE THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH YOU HAVE HAD TO OPERATE OVER THE LAST YEAR?
A: Very challenging and among the most difficult I can remember. We certainly faced more headwinds than tailwinds. For the first time in many years, for example, we had to confront the reality of largely flat developed markets and markedly slowing emerging markets. Indeed, markets slowed from some 3.5% in 2013 to around 2.5% in 2014.
At the same time, the world continued to be rocked by a combination of geopolitical instability and natural, climate-related disasters that have sadly become the norm.
All of these add a cost to doing business, which is why we believe that confronting these issues and looking for solutions to them rather than just being buffeted by events is the only long-term viable growth model. Agility is equally important in this environment and we have worked hard once again to reduce complexity and evolve the organisational model for speed and efficiency. |
Q: WHAT PLEASED YOU MOST ABOUT THE COMPANYS PERFORMANCE IN 2014?
A: The ability to deliver results while balancing the needs of our multiple stakeholders. The consistency of our delivery, even in these unusually volatile and uncertain conditions, helps. It reassures me that the fundamental pillars of the business are strong and that we have developed the resilience needed to compete even in the most difficult circumstances.
What pleased me specifically was that we were able to take the short-term measures necessary to respond to events further tightening our belts, for example, and simplifying the organisation through initiatives like Project Half for Growth while at the same time continuing to invest in the long-term drivers of growth. The launches of some of our biggest brands into new markets like Omo in the Gulf, Clear in Japan or Lifebuoy in China were great examples of this.
We also made a number of strategic acquisitions over the year to help strengthen our portfolio further: the Talenti super-premium ice cream business in North America, for example, and the Qinyuan water purification business in China, both take us into some attractive segments of the market.
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I was equally delighted by the progress we made during 2014 in increasing our proportion of female managers. There is much still to do, but beating our stretching targets and ending the year with women representing 43.3% of all managers was a great achievement and a real sign of the commitment felt across Unilever to make progress in this area. Finally we have made further progress on sustainable sourcing, decoupling growth from environmental impact and increasing positive social impact throughout our value chain. This has further enhanced our corporate reputation and lowered risk and costs.
Q: WHAT DID ALL THIS MEAN FOR THE GROUPS FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE?
A: Weakening consumer demand certainly impacted our underlying sales growth yet it provided a great opportunity to accelerate our efficiency effort. Growth was therefore profitable, with an improvement in core operating margin of 0.4 percentage points, driven by strong savings programmes. Tight control of working capital contributed to another year of healthy cash flow delivery (more than 3.1 billion) which combined with the improvement in operating margin contributed to earnings per share (EPS) growth of 2% (or 11% adjusted for currency impact).
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RESHAPING OUR PORTFOLIO
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We continued to reshape our portfolio in 2014 to ensure resources are best utilised for growth. In June we sold the Ragu and Bertolli pasta sauces business in North America for approximately US $2.15 billion. We invested capital in growth opportunities by acquiring a majority stake in the Qinyuan Group, a leading Chinese water purification business. This doubled our size in this sector, addressing a fast-growing consumer need and furthering our aim to grow our business sustainably. More details of our mergers and acquisitions activity can be found on page 29.
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4 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Q: ARE THERE AREAS IN WHICH YOU WOULD LIKE TO HAVE SEEN MORE PROGRESS?
A: Even though we have made significant strides over recent years in improving our organisational agility and our ability to respond quickly to events, there is still room for improvement. I would like to have seen us react a little quicker, for example, to the slowdown in a number of markets, particularly China, where frankly we were caught off-guard by the speed and scale of weakening consumer demand. In terms of our categories, all of them contributed albeit in different ways to the overall performance of the Group and I have confidence in the strength and long-term growth potential of our portfolio.
We took steps last year to sharpen the portfolio even further with a number of strategic acquisitions and disposal of non-core brands, although there is always scope to do more and I would like to see the level of activity accelerate in the year ahead. It is also clear that we still need to do more to get our Foods category growing again, although we are winning market share.
This is a tough business to be in with much of our portfolio in flat or even declining developed markets but we have to do more to leverage the strength of our wonderful Foods brands and bring back the growth momentum. By contrast, while our Home Care and Refreshment categories delivered good or solid growth, we need to increase the levels of cash and profitability if we are to invest in the many growth opportunities. These will all be priorities in 2015.
Q: HOW DID UNILEVER SERVE THE INTERESTS OF ITS VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS IN 2014?
A: Meeting the diverse interests of multiple stakeholders is a challenge for a company of Unilevers size but also a great opportunity given our Vision to grow in a sustainable and socially inclusive way. Once again, we made good progress. |
INVESTING IN EMERGING MARKETS
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Unilevers strategic commitment to emerging markets continued in 2014 with significant investments in brand launches, new production facilities and our operations.
We undertook major launches of brands including Lifebuoy into China and Omo
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into Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. Brazil saw the entry of the Baby Dove range and Omo stain removers.
In China we undertook large capital expenditure, building a new dry savoury plant and a new washing powder factory. In Indonesia, large-scale capital investment was made in Siliwangi, creating a plant for Cikarang Foods, adding significant capacity to dry and wet savoury production. In the Philippines a new dry savoury factory was built. Detergent and ice cream factories were built in Africa.
We are extending our distribution reach in the outer islands of Indonesia, rural India and the north and central west of Brazil, while Singapore continues to be a major hub for our development of Unilever people at our Four Acres training campus.
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There is no doubt that over the long term our investors have benefited from their continued belief in Unilever, with total shareholder return increasing by a further 18% in 2014. Our employees remain a key priority of course and, despite the constrained economic environment, we did not compromise on our investments in training, personal development, safety and other employee support programmes. It was heartening to see employee engagement scores remain at historically high levels in our annual Global People Survey (GPS), with improvements across all five metrics.
It is also clear that the demand to join Unilever has never been greater. We received over 2 million applications or expressions of interest in 2014 and for the second year running Unilever was ranked the third most in-demand employer among jobseekers on LinkedIn, behind only Apple and Google, as more and more young people want to work for purpose-driven organisations. |
We also made progress in our commitment to serve a wider group of stakeholders through the USLP and our Vision of growing the business while reducing our environmental footprint and increasing our positive social impact, not only in that part of the business under our direct control but throughout the whole value chain. This manifests itself in many different ways everything from playing our part in putting an end to deforestation to ensuring we embrace and advance human rights principles throughout the length of our supply chain. You can see a number of examples set out in other parts of this report.
It was pleasing to see our efforts recognised once again in 2014, including regaining sector leadership in the prestigious Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) and being ranked for the fourth year running as the Number One Company in the Globescan/SustainAbility index of leading sustainability experts around the world. | |||
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 5 |
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS REVIEW
CONTINUED
6 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
IN 2014, DESPITE A CHALLENGING YEAR FOR OUR INDUSTRY, WITH SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC HEADWINDS AND WEAK MARKETS, WE HAVE DELIVERED COMPETITIVE UNDERLYING SALES GROWTH AND MARGIN EXPANSION. |
KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS
UNDERLYING SALES | CORE OPERATING | UNDERLYING VOLUME | FREE CASH FLOW | |||||||||
GROWTH | MARGIN | GROWTH | ||||||||||
2014 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 | |||||||||
2.9% | 14.5% | 1.0% | 3.1 BILLION | |||||||||
2013: 4.3% | 2013: 14.1% | 2013: 2.5% | 2013: 3.9 billion | |||||||||
Underlying sales growth over five years has averaged 4.9%.
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Core operating margin has steadily increased over five years from 13.6% to 14.5%.
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Underlying volume growth averaged 2.9% over five years.
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Over the last five years Unilever has generated free cash flow of 17.7 billion.
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KEY NON-FINANCIAL INDICATORS
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MANUFACTURING | These measures are non-GAAP measures. For further information about these measures, and the reasons why we believe they are important for an understanding of the performance of the business, please refer to our commentary on non-GAAP measures on pages 34 to 35.
¯ PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) assured. For details and the basis of preparation see www.unilever. com/ara2014/downloads.
ø Measured 1 October 30 September.
# Prior year restated to include additional waste identified. | |||||||||||
2014 |
2014 |
2014 |
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92.02KG¯ø | 2.01M3¯ø | 1.19KG¯ø | ||||||||||
2013: 98.85kg¯ø |
2013: 2.12m3¯ø |
2013: 2.96kg¯ø# |
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CO2 from energy per tonne of production. |
Water per tonne of production. |
Total waste (sent for disposal) per tonne of production.
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TOTAL RECORDABLE |
DIVERSITY |
ENGAGEMENT |
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ACCIDENT FREQUENCY | ||||||||||||
RATE | ||||||||||||
2014 |
2014 2014 |
2014 |
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1.05¯ø | 57% 43% | 75% | ||||||||||
2013: 1.03¯ø |
male female |
2013: 78% |
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2013: 58% 2013: 42% |
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Per 1 million hours worked. |
The percentage of persons of each sex who were Unilever managers. | Overall engagement score among managers who participated in our Global People Survey in 2014.
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Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 7 |
THIS SECTION EXPLAINS OUR BUSINESS HOW AND WHERE WE MAKE OUR PRODUCTS, HOW WE TAKE THEM TO MARKET AND HOW WE ENSURE THAT OUR BRANDS REMAIN OUR CONSUMERS CHOICE. |
8 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
OUR VALUE CHAIN
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 9 |
ABOUT US
CONTINUED
OUR CATEGORIES AND BRANDS
Unilevers portfolio has four categories: Personal Care, Foods, Refreshment and Home Care. We have 13 brands with sales of more than 1 billion. Brands are our biggest asset but also present a risk if they do not maintain value and relevance to consumers. Thats why innovation and remaining competitive are crucial. We launched new brands in 2014, backed by marketing and customer insight, for example Regenerate, a dental care product. In addition to the Qinyuan and Talenti Gelato & Sorbetto acquisitions, we are also in the process of acquiring the Camay and Zest brands, to expand categories and boost growth. To sharpen our portfolio in 2014 we disposed of SlimFast, Ragu and Bertolli in North America, and other non-core Foods brands. |
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PERSONAL CARE |
FOODS |
REFRESHMENT |
HOME CARE | |||||||||
Underlying sales growth | Underlying sales growth | Underlying sales growth | Underlying sales growth | |||||||||
3.5% | (0.6)% | 3.8% | 5.8% | |||||||||
2013: 7.3% | 2013: 0.3% | 2013: 1.1% | 2013: 8.0% | |||||||||
Core operating margin | Core operating margin | Core operating margin | Core operating margin | |||||||||
18.7% | 18.6% | 8.8% | 6.3% | |||||||||
2013: 17.8% | 2013: 17.7% | 2013: 9.1% | 2013: 6.4% | |||||||||
Turnover | Turnover | Turnover | Turnover | |||||||||
17.7 BILLION | 12.4 BILLION | 9.2 BILLION | 9.2 BILLION | |||||||||
2013: 18.1 billion | 2013: 13.4 billion | 2013: 9.4 billion | 2013: 8.9 billion
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WHERE WE OPERATE
Unilevers products sell in more than 190 countries and are used by 2 billion consumers every day. Our business is organised across three geographies: the Americas; Europe; and markets comprising Asia, Australasia, Africa, Middle East, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. We also analyse operations by developed and emerging markets. This wide spread exposes us to economic and political risks beyond our control. However, the diversity of our portfolio and geographic reach help mitigate our exposure to any specific risk. |
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10 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
UNILEVER SUSTAINABLE LIVING PLAN
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 11 |
12 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 13 |
HOW WE CREATE SUSTAINABLE VALUE
OUR BUSINESS MODEL AND STRATEGY COME TOGETHER TO DELIVER VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS. HERE WE EXPLAIN THEIR ELEMENTS AND HOW THEY ARE COMBINED. |
14 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 15 |
16 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 17 |
PERSONAL CARE
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girls taking part in education on common body myths. Also working to improve livelihoods, Lifebuoy soap continues to drive the largest handwashing behavioural change programme in the world, having reached 257 million people in more than 16 countries between 2010 and 2014.
We made less progress on the USLP target of reducing our water footprint. Research and development will be critical to finding commercially viable and sustainable ways of driving the necessary changes in consumer behaviour when using our hair and skin cleansing products.
LIFEBUOY GROWTH IN 2014
Lifebuoy enjoyed 15% growth, helped by the re-launch in South Asia of the core range, with ANS (Activ Naturol Shield) a patented combination of synergistic natural ingredients proven to protect against ten infection-causing germs. We also entered China with the brand in 2014. More detailed coverage of Lifebuoys success and its contribution to our USLP can be found on page 24. | |||
Personal Care is Unilevers largest category. It includes five of Unilevers 13 1 billion brands: global names such as Dove, Rexona, Axe, Lux and Sunsilk.
Sales of 17.7 billion in 2014 accounted for 37% of Group turnover and 41% of operating profit. The strategic role of the category is to generate continued excellent returns, delivering competitive growth while expanding gross margins to release further investment for future growth.
Our Personal Care brands serve consumers across the full range of price points, playing to the categorys historic strengths of developing markets and reaching down while very deliberately adding a new dimension to the business through accessing faster growing premium segments.
We also continue to expand our presence by launching our brand portfolio in new geographic markets and by improving our presence in distribution channels where we are under-represented. Our current focus is the e-commerce channel and specialist drug stores. |
In 2014 the global market slowed. In this context, Personal Care achieved 3.5% growth and continued to gain market share.
Many of our leading brands have enjoyed success. Dove, our biggest brand, delivered another year of strong performance, driven by double-digit growth in deodorants and consistent performance in skin cleansing, which is rooted in a successful repeatable model of compelling communication and targeted innovation in bar and body wash. In hair, Doves success was helped by the strong start of the Advanced Hair Care range launched in the US and Europe. The brand is also building a premium offering with, for example, its new Oxygen Moisture hair care range in Europe and the launch of Dove Advanced Care solid deodorant sticks in the US.
We also made progress against our Unilever Sustainable Living Plan (USLP) commitment to improve opportunities for women with the Dove Self-Esteem project, which has already reached over 15 million people. The brand partnered with the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts to launch the Free Being Me Girl Guides badge awarded to |
REGENERATE NEW PRODUCTS, NEW MARKETS | ||
Regenerate, a completely new Personal Care brand, was launched in the UK in 2014. It is a highly differentiated, oral care system based on revolutionary science and market-leading technology.
Regenerate is the first dental care system to regenerate tooth enamel mineral, reversing the early enamel erosion process. The products work using our patented NR-5 technology and took scientists nine years of research across our R&D facilities in Port Sunlight, Milan and Shanghai to master. At each use, the NR-5 specific ingredients combine to form a fresh supply of enamel mineral which wraps and integrates on to teeth.
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18 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
FOODS
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 19 |
OUR CONSUMERS
CONTINUED
REFRESHMENT
Refreshment generated 9.2
billion in sales. It includes ice cream brands such as Walls, Magnum, Cornetto and Ben & Jerrys, and tea brands Lipton, Brooke Bond and PG tips. Lipton, Magnum and Heartbrand (Walls) are all
The category accounts for 19% of Group
Our ice cream brands grew well in 2014, and ahead of our markets, helped by emerging countries, with strong growth in Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia, South Africa and the Philippines.
In 2014 we fulfilled our commitment to ensure that all our childrens ice cream brands were 110 calories or less per serving, driving growth in Asia, offering a better choice for parents and contributing to our USLP goal of improving health and well-being.
North America is one of the largest geographies for ice cream where consumption is high, but the market is challenging with regional and local supermarket brands operating at low prices and |
AISLES OF JOY
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Unilevers Aisles of Joy initiative, based on the Walls brand, drives in-home consumption of ice cream around desserts and special occasions. It is a good example of our go-to-market expertise to ensure that Unilever brands enjoy best positioning and visibility in stores which drives ice cream sales growth.
Aisles of Joy has been rolled out across both developed and emerging markets. In Europe a partnership with Carrefour saw 400 stores adopt Aisles of Joy.
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low margins. Although profitable growth has been tough, our business has shown the best improvement in several years. We have premiumised the portfolio, aided by innovations such as Ben & Jerrys Cores and Breyers Gelato. Towards the end of 2014 we announced the acquisition of Talenti Gelato & Sorbetto.
Europe witnessed poor summer weather but we managed to grow sales and market share in a flat market. The 25 Year celebration of Magnum drove growth while innovations included downsized packs to enter the snacks market, such as the 1 Cornetto, and a responsible approach to nutrition, with all childrens ice creams now 110 calories or less. Magnum also now has more than 70% of its cocoa sustainably sourced from Rainforest Alliance certified farmers. |
Performance in leaf tea was mixed. Our strategy is to innovate with premium, higher quality teas and new formats, such as capsules like those used in coffee machines. Lipton K-Cup® tea capsules were launched in 2013 into the US and led a growth improvement in 2014.
Lipton intends to grow all its tea on Rainforest Alliance certified estates by 2015. Total beverages performance was lower than expected partly due to the low momentum of AdeS growth post the product recall in 2013.
Our recent premium tea acquisition T2 has demonstrated strong growth in Australia and New Zealand of 26%. Globally retail sales have grown 31% in a difficult retail environment.
Last year we bought T2, a premium tea brand. In 2014 we opened T2 stores, which retail tea and tea ware products, in Shoreditch, the Kings Road and Westfield in London, and SoHo in New York, with a further eight stores planned in the UK in 2015.
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20 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
HOME CARE
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The categorys strategic role is to increase the value it generates for Unilever by continuing to grow ahead of the market while increasing our operating margins over time.
We are well positioned for growth as we look to cater to the opportunities that emerge as a result of global trends. Our footprint and strong competitive position in emerging markets are strong tailwinds and we are identifying segments that emerge. One such segment is wash additives, a segment which is already approximately 12% of the fabric cleaning market in some parts of the developed world and one we have entered in 2014 in Brazil.
Opportunities to upgrade consumers to newer benefits and more convenient formats not only drive growth, but also increase our operating margins by improving the mix of products we sell. A continued focus on delivering our low-cost business model, which unlocks savings across our entire operations, will also contribute to margin expansion, giving us the confidence that we can deliver on our strategic role of increasing the value we generate for Unilever.
2014 saw the launch of wash additives in Brazil, under the Omo brand name. The product delivers a significant improvement in the quality of wash delivered in a machine, especially on stain removal, and marks our entry into the wash additives and ancillaries segments.
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The Cleanipedia online platform, currently available in Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, India, the UK, Russia and across the Gulf, leverages the years of experience of our household care brands, such as Cif, Domestos, Persil, Omo and Comfort, to provide advice and solutions for the specific cleaning and housekeeping needs of our consumers.
Home Care is a 9.2 billion category with nearly 80% of sales coming from emerging markets, making it well positioned for long-term growth. Its products cover fabric cleaning, with 1 billion brands such as Omo and Surf, as well as fabric conditioners such as Comfort, and household care including Domestos a product which typifies the success of Unilevers brands with purpose. |
More on the role Domestos plays in driving social change is on page 24.
The category has delivered strong top line performance consistently, with growth averaging 8.1% per annum over the last four years. Even in the tough operating conditions of 2014, it has had an underlying sales growth of 5.8%, well ahead of the market. The growth has been broad-based, with our household care business continuing its strong performance, as we continued to expand our presence across markets. Laundry also grew strongly, with our biggest laundry brand Omo entering the Gulf markets in 2014.
Pureit, our water purification business, continued to make rapid strides, with an underlying sales growth of 20%. The acquisition of the Qinyuan business adds to our capabilities in this area, giving us greater scale and presence in China.
However, overall category margins were under pressure, due to a combination of competitive battles and currency devaluation in the emerging markets, which together had a significant impact on our costs. |
ECO-PACKS AND THE ENVIRONMENT | ||||
In laundry, we are rolling out our concentrated liquid brands in eco-packs which drive growth, increase the benefit we deliver to our consumers and improve our profitability, while at the same time reducing our environmental impact.
Eco-packs use less plastic, meaning up to 70% less plastic used and a 50-85% reduction in greenhouse gases per consumer use. Simultaneously, a reduction in plastic
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packaging delivers a significant cost saving, allowing us to pass on lower costs to our consumers and improve the category profitability. Overall, eco-packs have a significantly lower impact on the environment compared to traditional packaging.
Having launched eco-packs in the UK, Italy and Switzerland, we are aiming to launch them across Europe in 2015.
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Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 21 |
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In June 2014 Unilever, along with fellow members of the Consumer Goods Forum, called on heads of state for a binding global climate change deal. In September 2014 we helped facilitate the New York Declaration on Forests at the UN Climate Summit where more than 170 governments, companies and NGOs pledged to cut forest loss by half by 2020, end it by 2030 and restore 350 million hectares of degraded land.
Also in the same month, Unilever and the World Resources Institute announced a partnership aimed at increasing transparency in agricultural commodity supply chains. This will enable Unilever and our suppliers to use the Global Forest Watch Commodities platform to monitor forest cover change around commodity supply areas and processing facilities such as palm oil mills.
Unilevers work in moving from commitment to action in combating deforestation has been recognised. In November, we were ranked joint first for corporate action on tackling deforestation in our sector by CDP, formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project. The CDP report was produced on behalf of 240 investors, who together represent US $15 trillion in assets, and analysed the disclosures of 152 companies from around the world. It said: Companies that regularly respond to CDPs forests program are now identifying many more opportunities available to them, including securing their supply chain against the risks associated with deforestation and commodity sourcing. This in turn is helping to secure shareholder value.
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In September 2015 the UN will agree a new set of Sustainable Development Goals. In December Paris hosts the next major UN Climate Change Summit. The close link between human development and climate will focus the world on growth that is more inclusive, sustained and sustainable.
With this in mind, in 2014 Unilever examined where it can bring about improvements on a larger, societal scale by creating transformational change in key areas relevant to our business. These are:
the elimination of deforestation; championing sustainable agriculture and the development of smallholder farmers; and improving health and hygiene through handwashing, safe drinking water and sanitation.
Later in this section we have highlighted new, related areas of Unilever activity under way in 2014 that are of broad benefit to society, including our work on behalf of women, which will continue to develop in the next few years.
THE BUSINESS CASE FOR SUSTAINABILITY Sustainability is an integral part of our business model. It meets growing consumer preference for responsible consumption and retailers own sustainability targets. It acts as a catalyst for innovation, thus developing new markets, and is an inspiration to Unilevers current and future employees.
Alleviating social problems, such as the lack of effective sanitation, safe drinking water and related hygiene issues, helps communities while increasing sales of brands like Domestos, Pureit and Lifebuoy.
Access to sustainable and plentiful raw materials reduces volatility and mitigates risk. More efficient use of energy and the development of packaging with less plastic further reduces costs. Brand reputation is defended and enhanced. |
DEFORESTATION 2014 A DEFINING YEAR Unilever is one of the worlds biggest buyers of palm oil as a raw material for use in a number of our Foods and Personal Care brands. Palm oil is recognised as one of the four major commodities driving deforestation, which contributes up to 15% of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions.
We have committed to source 100% of our palm oil sustainably from certified, traceable sources by 2020. We also set ourselves the ambition that, by the end of 2014, all the palm oil we buy would be traceable to known sources. On that ambition we still have work to do but we have achieved a significant milestone in our European Foods business.
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PALM OIL IN FOODS A UNILEVER BREAKTHROUGH
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In 2014 we were able to announce a significant achievement that by the end of the year all palm oil directly sourced for Unilevers European Foods business was close to 100% traceable and certified sustainable (over 98% in December 2014 and on track to be 100% by the end of March 2015).
On a global level Unilever is working hard to drive transparency in the palm oil supply
|
chain. We now have visibility of about 1,800 crude palm oil mills, representing around two thirds of all mills in the global palm oil industry. We can also demonstrate traceability to a consumer product, which five years ago appeared unachievable. This represents a considerable breakthrough for Unilever and the food industry generally.
Unilever is determined to work with the palm oil industry to drive deforestation out of its supply chain. Knowing the origin of palm oil is vital to halt deforestation.
We want to build on our progress in Europe by repeating the achievement internationally. One of the next steps is our new processing plant in Sei Mangke, Indonesia. The plant is a significant investment to source palm oil from known and certified sources for our global use.
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22 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 23 |
SOCIETY
CONTINUED
24 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 25 |
OUR PEOPLE
CONTINUED
26 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 27 |
28 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
DEVELOPMENTS IN 2014
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 29 |
OUR SHAREHOLDERS
CONTINUED
30 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 31 |
FINANCIAL REVIEW 2014
CONTINUED
32 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 33 |
FINANCIAL REVIEW 2014
CONTINUED
34 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 35 |
Our business is subject to risks and uncertainties. On the following pages we have identified risks that we regard as the most relevant to our business. These are the risks that we see as material to Unilevers business and performance at this time. There may be other risks that could emerge in the future. Further details of risks and mitigating factors can be found on pages 49 to 53.
pages 49 to 53 of the Governance and Financial Report
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PRINCIPAL RISK |
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | |||||
BRAND PREFERENCE
|
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As a branded goods business, Unilevers success depends on the value and relevance of our brands and products to consumers across the world and on our ability to innovate and remain competitive. |
Consumer tastes, preferences and behaviours are constantly changing and Unilevers ability to anticipate and respond to these changes and to continue to differentiate our brands and products is vital to our business.
We are dependent on creating innovative products that continue to meet the needs of our consumers. If we are unable to innovate effectively, Unilevers sales or margins could be materially adversely affected.
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PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
|
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Unilevers strategic investment choices will affect the long-term growth and profits of our business. | Unilevers growth and profitability are determined by our portfolio of categories, geographies and channels and how these evolve over time. If Unilever does not make optimal strategic investment decisions then opportunities for growth and improved margin could be missed.
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SUSTAINABILITY
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The success of our business depends on finding sustainable solutions to support long-term growth. | Unilevers Vision to double the size of our business while reducing our environmental footprint and increasing our positive social impact will require more sustainable ways of doing business. This means reducing our environmental footprint while increasing the positive social benefits of Unilevers activities. We are dependent on the efforts of partners and various certification bodies to achieve our sustainability goals. There can be no assurance that sustainable business solutions will be developed and failure to do so could limit Unilevers growth and profit potential and damage our corporate reputation.
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CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS
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Successful customer relationships are vital to our business and continued growth. | Maintaining strong relationships with our customers is necessary for our brands to be well presented to our consumers and available for purchase at all times.
The strength of our customer relationships also affects our ability to obtain pricing and secure favourable trade terms. Unilever may not be able to maintain strong relationships with customers and failure to do so could negatively impact the terms of business with the affected customers and reduce the availability of our products to consumers.
| |||||
TALENT
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A skilled workforce is essential for the continued success of our business. | Our ability to attract, develop and retain the right number of appropriately qualified people is critical if we are to compete and grow effectively.
This is especially true in our key emerging markets where there can be a high level of competition for a limited talent pool. The loss of management or other key personnel or the inability to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel could make it difficult to manage the business and could adversely affect operations and financial results.
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SUPPLY CHAIN
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Our business depends on purchasing materials, efficient manufacturing and the timely distribution of products to our customers. | Our supply chain network is exposed to potentially adverse events such as physical disruptions, environmental and industrial accidents or bankruptcy of a key supplier which could impact our ability to deliver orders to our customers.
The cost of our products can be significantly affected by the cost of the underlying commodities and materials from which they are made. Fluctuations in these costs cannot always be passed on to the consumer through pricing.
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SAFE AND HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS
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The quality and safety of our products are of paramount importance for our brands and our reputation. | The risk that raw materials are accidentally or maliciously contaminated throughout the supply chain or that other product defects occur due to human error, equipment failure or other factors cannot be excluded.
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SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION
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Unilevers operations are increasingly dependent on IT systems and the management of information. | We interact electronically with customers, suppliers and consumers in ways which place ever greater emphasis on the need for secure and reliable IT systems and infrastructure and careful management of the information that is in our possession.
Disruption of our IT systems could inhibit our business operations in a number of ways, including disruption to sales, production and cash flows, ultimately impacting our results.
There is also a threat from unauthorised access and misuse of sensitive information. Unilevers information systems could be subject to unauthorised access or the mistaken disclosure of information which disrupts Unilevers business and/or leads to loss of assets.
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36 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
PRINCIPAL RISK |
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | |||||
BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION
|
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Successful execution of business transformation projects is key to delivering their intended business benefits and avoiding disruption to other business activities. |
Unilever is continually engaged in major change projects, including acquisitions and disposals and outsourcing, to drive continuous improvement in our business and to strengthen our portfolio and capabilities.
Failure to execute such transactions or change projects successfully, or performance issues with third party outsourced providers on which we are dependent, could result in under-delivery of the expected benefits. Furthermore, disruption may be caused in other parts of the business.
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EXTERNAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RISKS AND NATURAL DISASTERS
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Unilever operates across the globe and is exposed to a range of external economic and political risks and natural disasters that may affect the execution of our strategy or the running of our operations. | Adverse economic conditions may result in reduced consumer demand for our products, and may affect one or more countries within a region, or may extend globally.
Government actions such as fiscal stimulus, changes to taxation and price controls can impact on the growth and profitability of our local operations.
Social and political upheavals and natural disasters can disrupt sales and operations.
In 2014, more than half of Unilevers turnover came from emerging markets including Brazil, India, Indonesia, Turkey, South Africa, China, Mexico and Russia. These markets offer greater growth opportunities but also expose Unilever to economic, political and social volatility in these markets.
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TREASURY AND PENSIONS
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Unilever is exposed to a variety of external financial risks in relation to Treasury and Pensions. | Changes to the relative value of currencies can fluctuate widely and could have a significant impact on business results. Further, because Unilever consolidates its financial statements in euros it is subject to exchange risks associated with the translation of the underlying net assets and earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.
We are also subject to the imposition of exchange controls by individual countries which could limit our ability to import materials paid in foreign currency or to remit dividends to the parent company.
Currency rates, along with demand cycles, can also result in significant swings in the prices of the raw materials needed to produce our goods.
Unilever may face liquidity risk, ie difficulty in meeting its obligations, associated with its financial liabilities. A material and sustained shortfall in our cash flow could undermine Unilevers credit rating, impair investor confidence and also restrict Unilevers ability to raise funds.
We are exposed to market interest rate fluctuations on our floating rate debt. Increases in benchmark interest rates could increase the interest cost of our floating rate debt and increase the cost of future borrowings.
In times of financial market volatility, we are also potentially exposed to counter-party risks with banks, suppliers and customers.
Certain businesses have defined benefit pension plans, most now closed to new employees, which are exposed to movements in interest rates, fluctuating values of underlying investments and increased life expectancy. Changes in any or all of these inputs could potentially increase the cost to Unilever of funding the schemes and therefore have an adverse impact on profitability and cash flow.
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ETHICAL
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Acting in an ethical manner, consistent with the expectations of customers, consumers and other stakeholders, is essential for the protection of the reputation of Unilever and its brands. | Unilevers brands and reputation are valuable assets and the way in which we operate, contribute to society and engage with the world around us is always under scrutiny both internally and externally. Despite the commitment of Unilever to ethical business and the steps we take to adhere to this commitment, there remains a risk that activities or events cause us to fall short of our desired standard, resulting in damage to Unilevers corporate reputation and business results.
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LEGAL AND REGULATORY
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Compliance with laws and regulations is an essential part of Unilevers business operations. | Unilever is subject to local, regional and global laws and regulations in such diverse areas as product safety, product claims, trademarks, copyright, patents, competition, employee health and safety, the environment, corporate governance, listing and disclosure, employment and taxes.
Failure to comply with laws and regulations could expose Unilever to civil and/or criminal actions leading to damages, fines and criminal sanctions against us and/or our employees with possible consequences for our corporate reputation.
Changes to laws and regulations could have a material impact on the cost of doing business. Tax, in particular, is a complex area where laws and their interpretation are changing regularly, leading to the risk of unexpected tax exposure.
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Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 37 |
CHAIRMANS LETTER
38 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
The following sets out how Unilevers Remuneration Policy, to be found at www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads, was implemented in 2014. Further details of remuneration can be found on pages 62 to 77 of the Governance and Financial Report.
SINGLE FIGURE OF REMUNERATION IN 2014 FOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS (AUDITED)
The table below shows a single figure of remuneration for each of our Executive Directors, for the years 2013 (restated to reflect the final value of GSIP performance shares on the date of vesting) and 2014.
Paul Polman | Jean-Marc Huët | |||||||||||||||||
CEO (UK) | CFO (UK) | |||||||||||||||||
(000) | (000) | |||||||||||||||||
2014 | 2013 (Restated) |
2014 | 2013 (Restated) |
|||||||||||||||
(A) Base salary (1) |
1,251 | 1,189 | 885 | 841 | ||||||||||||||
(B) Fixed allowances and other benefits (2) |
787 | 700 | 377 | 594 | ||||||||||||||
(C) Annual bonus |
1,652 | 1,864 | 778 | 879 | ||||||||||||||
Long-term incentives |
(D) MCIP matching shares (required by UK law) | 1,803 | n/a | 370 | n/a | |||||||||||||
(E) GSIP performance shares (required by UK law) | 3,923 | 3,798 | 3,022 | 2,630 | ||||||||||||||
Long-term incentives (sub-total) |
5,726 | 3,798 | 3,392 | 2,630 | ||||||||||||||
(F) Conditional supplemental pension (3) |
145 | 138 | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||||||
Total remuneration paid (required by UK law) (A+B+C+D+E+F) |
9,561 | 7,689 | 5,432 | 4,944 | ||||||||||||||
(G) Share awards (required by Dutch law) (4) |
4,206 | 4,069 | 2,249 | 2,652 | ||||||||||||||
Total remuneration paid (required by Dutch law) (A+B+C+F+G) |
8,041 | 7,960 | 4,289 | 4,966 |
Where relevant, amounts for 2014 have been translated into euros using the average exchange rate over 2014 (1 = £0.8071), excluding amounts in respect of long-term incentive plans which have been translated into euros using the exchange rate at vesting date (1 = £0.7383). Amounts for 2013 have been translated into euros using the average exchange rate over 2013 (1 = £0.8492), excluding amounts in respect of GSIP which have been translated into euros using the exchange rate at vesting date (1 = £0.8351).
(1) | Salary set in sterling and paid in 2014: CEO £1,010,000 and CFO £714,000. |
(2) | Includes the fixed allowance, medical insurance cover and actual tax return preparation costs, provision of death-in-service benefits and administration, payment to protect against difference between employee social security obligations in country of residence versus UK (not applicable to Jean-Marc Huët) and Paul Polmans notional gain due to exercising his options under the Unilever 2005 Share Save Plan. |
(3) | Conditional supplemental pension provision agreed with Paul Polman on hiring, which is conditional on his remaining in employment with Unilever to age 60 and subsequently retiring from active service or his death or total disability prior to retirement. This was £117,123 based on 12% of a capped salary of £976,028 for 2014. |
(4) | As per the Dutch requirements, these costs are non-cash costs and relate to the expenses recognised for the period following IFRS 2. This is based on share prices on grant dates, a 98% adjustment factor for GSIP shares and MCIP matching shares awarded in 2014, 2013 and 2012. |
SINGLE FIGURE OF REMUNERATION IN 2014 FOR NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS (AUDITED)
The table below shows a single figure of remuneration for each of our Non-Executive Directors, for the years 2013 and 2014.
2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fees | (a) | Benefits | (b) | remuneration | Fees | (a) | Benefits | (b) | remuneration | |||||||||||||||
Non-Executive Director | 000 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 000 | ||||||||||||||||||
Michael Treschow(c) |
654 | 3 | 657 | 637 | 1 | 638 | ||||||||||||||||||
Laura Cha |
101 | | 101 | 62 | | 62 | ||||||||||||||||||
Louise Fresco(d) |
113 | | 113 | 106 | | 106 | ||||||||||||||||||
Ann Fudge |
101 | 11 | 112 | 103 | 17 | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||
Charles Golden(e) |
42 | | 42 | 101 | 14 | 115 | ||||||||||||||||||
Byron Grote(f) |
125 | | 125 | 127 | 2 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mary Ma |
107 | | 107 | 66 | | 66 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sunil Bharti Mittal(g) |
| | | 32 | | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hixonia Nyasulu |
107 | | 107 | 102 | 12 | 114 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sir Malcolm Rifkind |
101 | | 101 | 103 | | 103 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Rishton |
107 | | 107 | 66 | | 66 | ||||||||||||||||||
Feike Sijbesma |
15 | 1 | 16 | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||
Kees Storm(h) |
196 | 3 | 199 | 191 | | 191 | ||||||||||||||||||
Paul Walsh(i) |
113 | 2 | 115 | 119 | | 119 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total |
1,882 | 20 | 1,902 | 1,815 | 46 | 1,861 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Strategic Report 39 |
FINANCIAL CALENDAR
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS
Date | Voting Record date | Voting & Registration date | ||||||||||
NV
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1.30pm 29 April 2015
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1 April 2015
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22 April 2015
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PLC
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1.30pm 30 April 2015
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28 April 2015
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QUARTERLY DIVIDENDS
Dates listed below are applicable to all four Unilever listings (NV ordinary shares, PLC ordinary shares, NV New York shares, and PLC ADRs).
NV NY and PLC ADR | NV and PLC | |||||||||||||||||||
Announced | ex-dividend date | ex-dividend date | Record date | Payment date | ||||||||||||||||
Quarterly dividend announced with the Q4 2014 results | 20 January 2015 | 4 February 2015 | 5 February 2015 | 6 February 2015 | 11 March 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Quarterly dividend announced with the Q1 2015 results | 16 April 2015 | 22 April 2015 | 23 April 2015 | 24 April 2015 | 3 June 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Quarterly dividend announced with the Q2 2015 results | 23 July 2015 | 5 August 2015 | 6 August 2015 | 7 August 2015 | 9 September 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Quarterly dividend announced with the Q3 2015 results | 15 October 2015 | 28 October 2015 | 29 October 2015 | 30 October 2015 | 9 December 2015 | |||||||||||||||
PREFERENTIAL DIVIDENDS NV | ||||||||||||||||||||
Announced | Ex-dividend date | Record date | Payment date | |||||||||||||||||
6% and 7%
|
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23 July 2015
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6 August 2015
|
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7 August 2015
|
|
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9 September 2015
|
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40 Strategic Report | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
This document may contain forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as will, aim, expects, anticipates, intends, looks, believes, vision, or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance.
Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which cause actual results to differ materially are: Unilevers global brands not meeting consumer preferences; Unilevers ability to innovate and remain competitive; Unilevers investment choices in its portfolio management; inability to find sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; the production of safe and high quality products; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; financial risks; failure to meet high and ethical standards; and managing regulatory, tax and legal matters. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Groups filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including in the Groups Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2014 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2014. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this document. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Groups expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
This document is not prepared in accordance with US GAAP and should not therefore be relied upon by readers as such. The Groups Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2014 is separately filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and is available on our corporate website www.unilever.com.
In addition, a printed copy of the Annual Report on Form 20-F is available, free of charge, upon request to Unilever, Investor Relations Department, 100 Victoria Embankment, London EC4Y 0DY, United Kingdom.
This report comprises regulated information within the meaning of Sections 1:1 and 5:25c of the Act on Financial Supervision (Wet op het financieel toezicht (Wft)) in the Netherlands.
The brand names shown in this report are trademarks owned by or licensed to companies within the Unilever Group.
References in this document to information on websites (and/or social media sites) are included as an aid to their location and such information is not incorporated in, and does not form part of, the Annual Report and Accounts 2014 or Annual Report on Form 20-F with the exception of the explanations and disclaimers which can be accessed via KPMGs website: www.kpmg.com/uk/auditscopeukco2014b, which is incorporated into the Auditors Report in the Annual Report and Accounts 2014 as if set out in full.
Designed and produced by Unilever Communications in conjunction with Addison Group at www.addison-group.net.
Photography by Samuel Olusegun Ajayi, Angga Aria, Oliver Edwards, Igor Emmerich, Philip Gatward, Angelo Giampiccolo, Michael Heffernan, Frans Lemmens, Atul Loke, Chris Moyse, Suwit Ngaokaew, Muhittin Tüylüce, Rian Ardi Wakito, Martin Wanyoike, Jessie Watford, Aht Yomyai, Yan Zhen, The Pack Shot Company and from the Unilever image library and content hub.
Printed at Pureprint Group, ISO 14001. FSC® certified and CarbonNeutral®.
This document is printed on Amadeus 100% Recycled Silk and Offset. These papers have been exclusively supplied by Denmaur Independent Papers which has offset the carbon produced by the production and delivery of them to the printer.
These papers are 100% recycled and manufactured using de-inked post-consumer waste. All the pulp is bleached using an elemental chlorine free process (ECF). Printed in the UK by Pureprint using its alcofree® and pureprint® environmental printing technology. Vegetable inks were used throughout. Pureprint is a CarbonNeutral® company. Both the manufacturing mill and the printer are registered to the Environmental Management System ISO 14001 and are Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) chain-of-custody certified.
If you have finished with this document and no longer wish to retain it, please pass it on to other interested readers or dispose of it in your recycled paper waste. Thank you.
ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2014
OUR ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2014 IS IN TWO PARTS:
OUR STRATEGIC REPORT
The Strategic Report contains information about us, how we make money and how we run our business. It includes our strategy, business model, markets and Key Performance Indicators, as well as our approach to sustainability and risk.
GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORT
The Governance and Financial Report contains detailed corporate governance information, how we mitigate risk, our Committee reports and how we remunerate our Directors, plus our Financial Statements and Notes.
ONLINE
You can find more information about Unilever online at www.unilever.com. |
For the latest information on the USLP visit www.unilever.com/sustainable-living. |
Our Strategic Report and Governance and Financial Report, along with other relevant documents, can be downloaded at www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads. |
GOVERNANCE
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 41 |
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CONTINUED
42 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 43 |
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CONTINUED
44 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 45 |
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CONTINUED
46 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 47 |
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CONTINUED
48 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 49 |
RISKS CONTINUED
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MANAGE THE RISK | |
BRAND PREFERENCE | ||
As a branded goods business, Unilevers success depends on the value and relevance of our brands and products to consumers across the world and on our ability to innovate and remain competitive.
Consumer tastes, preferences and behaviours are constantly changing and Unilevers ability to anticipate and respond to these changes and to continue to differentiate our brands and products is vital to our business.
We are dependent on creating innovative products that continue to meet the needs of our consumers. If we are unable to innovate effectively, Unilevers sales or margins could be materially adversely affected. |
We continuously monitor external market trends and collate consumer, customer and shopper insight in order to develop category and brand strategies.
Our strategy focuses on investing in markets and segments which we identify as attractive because we have already built, or are confident that we can build, competitive advantage.
Our Research and Development function actively searches for ways in which to translate the trends in consumer preference and taste into new technologies for incorporation into future products.
Our innovation management process deploys tools, technologies and resources to convert category strategies into projects and category plans, develop products and relevant brand communication and successfully roll out new products to our consumers.
| |
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT | ||
Unilevers strategic investment choices will affect the long-term growth and profits of our business.
Unilevers growth and profitability are determined by our portfolio of categories, geographies and channels and how these evolve over time. If Unilever does not make optimal strategic investment decisions then opportunities for growth and improved margin could be missed.
|
Our Compass strategy and our business plans are designed to ensure that resources are prioritised towards those categories and markets having the greatest long-term potential for Unilever.
Our acquisition activity is driven by our portfolio strategy with a clear, defined evaluation process. | |
SUSTAINABILITY | ||
The success of our business depends on finding sustainable solutions to support long-term growth.
Unilevers Vision to double the size of our business while reducing our environmental footprint and increasing our positive social impact will require more sustainable ways of doing business. This means reducing our environmental footprint while increasing the positive social benefits of Unilevers activities. We are dependent on the efforts of partners and various certification bodies to achieve our sustainability goals. There can be no assurance that sustainable business solutions will be developed and failure to do so could limit Unilevers growth and profit potential and damage our corporate reputation. |
The Unilever Sustainable Living Plan sets clear long-term commitments to improve health and well-being, reduce environmental impact and enhance livelihoods. Underpinning these are targets in areas such as hygiene, nutrition, sustainable sourcing, fairness in the workplace, opportunities for women and inclusive business as well as greenhouse gas emissions, water and waste. These targets and more sustainable ways of operating are being integrated into Unilevers day-to-day business.
Progress towards the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan is monitored by the Unilever Leadership Executive and the Boards. The Unilever Sustainable Living Plan Council, comprising six external specialists in sustainability, guides and critiques the development of our strategy.
| |
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS | ||
Successful customer relationships are vital to our business and continued growth.
Maintaining strong relationships with our customers is necessary for our brands to be well presented to our consumers and available for purchase at all times.
The strength of our customer relationships also affects our ability to obtain pricing and secure favourable trade terms. Unilever may not be able to maintain strong relationships with customers and failure to do so could negatively impact the terms of business with the affected customers and reduce the availability of our products to consumers.
|
We build and maintain trading relationships across a broad spectrum of channels ranging from centrally managed multinational customers through to small traders accessed via distributors in many developing countries.
We develop joint business plans with our key customers that include detailed investment plans and customer service objectives and we regularly monitor progress.
We have developed capabilities for customer sales and outlet design which enable us to find new ways to improve customer performance and enhance our customer relationships.
|
50 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MANAGE THE RISK | |
TALENT | ||
A skilled workforce is essential for the continued success of our business.
Our ability to attract, develop and retain the right number of appropriately qualified people is critical if we are to compete and grow effectively.
This is especially true in our key emerging markets where there can be a high level of competition for a limited talent pool. The loss of management or other key personnel or the inability to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel could make it difficult to manage the business and could adversely affect operations and financial results. |
Resource committees have been established and implemented throughout our business. These committees have responsibility for identifying future skills and capability needs, developing career paths and identifying the key talent and leaders of the future.
We have an integrated management development process which includes regular performance reviews underpinned by a common set of leadership behaviours, skills and competencies.
We have targeted programmes to attract and retain top talent and we actively monitor our performance in retaining talent within Unilever.
| |
SUPPLY CHAIN | ||
Our business depends on purchasing materials, efficient manufacturing and the timely distribution of products to our customers.
Our supply chain network is exposed to potentially adverse events such as physical disruptions, environmental and industrial accidents or bankruptcy of a key supplier which could impact our ability to deliver orders to our customers.
The cost of our products can be significantly affected by the cost of the underlying commodities and materials from which they are made. Fluctuations in these costs cannot always be passed on to the consumer through pricing. |
We have contingency plans designed to enable us to secure alternative key material supplies at short notice, to transfer or share production between manufacturing sites and to use substitute materials in our product formulations and recipes.
These contingency plans also extend to an ability to intervene directly to support a key supplier should it for any reason find itself in difficulty or be at risk of negatively affecting a Unilever product.
We have policies and procedures designed to ensure the health and safety of our employees and the products in our facilities, and to deal with major incidents or crises including business continuity and disaster recovery.
Commodity price risk is actively managed through forward buying of traded commodities and other hedging mechanisms. Trends are monitored and modelled regularly and integrated into our forecasting process.
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SAFE AND HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS | ||
The quality and safety of our products are of paramount importance for our brands and our reputation.
The risk that raw materials are accidentally or maliciously contaminated throughout the supply chain or that other product defects occur due to human error, equipment failure or other factors cannot be excluded. |
Our product quality processes and controls are comprehensive, from product design to customer shelf. They are verified annually, and regularly monitored through performance indicators that drive continuous improvement activities. Our key suppliers are externally certified and the quality of material received is regularly monitored to ensure that it meets the rigorous quality standards that our products demand.
In the event of an incident relating to the safety of our consumers or the quality of our products, incident management teams are activated in the affected markets under the direction of our product quality, science, and communications experts, to ensure timely and effective market place action.
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SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION | ||
Unilevers operations are increasingly dependent on IT systems and the management of information.
We interact electronically with customers, suppliers and consumers in ways which place ever greater emphasis on the need for secure and reliable IT systems and infrastructure and careful management of the information that is in our possession.
Disruption of our IT systems could inhibit our business operations in a number of ways, including disruption to sales, production and cash flows, ultimately impacting our results.
There is also a threat from unauthorised access and misuse of sensitive information. Unilevers information systems could be subject to unauthorised access or the mistaken disclosure of information which disrupts Unilevers business and/or leads to loss of assets. |
Hardware that runs and manages core operating data is fully backed up with separate contingency systems to provide real time back-up operations should they ever be required.
We maintain a global system for the control and reporting of access to our critical IT systems. This is supported by an annual programme of testing of access controls.
We have policies covering the protection of both business and personal information, as well as the use of IT systems and applications by our employees. Our employees are trained to understand these requirements.
We have standardised ways of hosting information on our public websites and have systems in place to monitor compliance with appropriate privacy laws and regulations, and with our own policies.
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Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 51 |
RISKS CONTINUED
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MANAGE THE RISK | |
BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION | ||
Successful execution of business transformation projects is key to delivering their intended business benefits and avoiding disruption to other business activities.
Unilever is continually engaged in major change projects, including acquisitions and disposals and outsourcing, to drive continuous improvement in our business and to strengthen our portfolio and capabilities.
Failure to execute such transactions or change projects successfully, or performance issues with third party outsourced providers on which we are dependent, could result in under-delivery of the expected benefits. Furthermore, disruption may be caused in other parts of the business. |
All acquisitions, disposals and global restructuring projects are sponsored by a member of the Unilever Leadership Executive. Regular progress updates are provided to the Unilever Leadership Executive.
Sound project disciplines are used in all merger, acquisitions, restructuring and outsourcing projects and these projects are resourced by dedicated and appropriately qualified personnel. The performance of third party outsourced providers is kept under constant review, with potential disruption limited to the time and cost required to install alternative providers.
Unilever also monitors the volume of change programmes under way in an effort to stagger the impact on current operations and to ensure minimal disruption.
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EXTERNAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RISKS AND NATURAL DISASTERS | ||
Unilever operates across the globe and is exposed to a range of external economic and political risks and natural disasters that may affect the execution of our strategy or the running of our operations.
Adverse economic conditions may result in reduced consumer demand for our products, and may affect one or more countries within a region, or may extend globally.
Government actions such as fiscal stimulus, changes to taxation and price controls can impact on the growth and profitability of our local operations.
Social and political upheavals and natural disasters can disrupt sales and operations.
In 2014, more than half of Unilevers turnover came from emerging markets including Brazil, India, Indonesia, Turkey, South Africa, China, Mexico and Russia. These markets offer greater growth opportunities but also expose Unilever to economic, political and social volatility in these markets.
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The breadth of Unilevers portfolio and our geographic reach help to mitigate our exposure to any particular localised risk to an extent. Our flexible business model allows us to adapt our portfolio and respond quickly to develop new offerings that suit consumers and customers changing needs during economic downturns.
We regularly update our forecast of business results and cash flows and, where necessary, rebalance investment priorities.
We have continuity planning designed to deal with crisis management in the event of political and social events and natural disasters.
We believe that many years of exposure to emerging markets have given us experience operating and developing our business successfully during periods of economic, political or social change. | |
TREASURY AND PENSIONS | ||
Unilever is exposed to a variety of external financial risks in relation to Treasury and Pensions.
Changes to the relative value of currencies can fluctuate widely and could have a significant impact on business results. Further, because Unilever consolidates its financial statements in euros it is subject to exchange risks associated with the translation of the underlying net assets and earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.
We are also subject to the imposition of exchange controls by individual countries which could limit our ability to import materials paid in foreign currency or to remit dividends to the parent company.
Currency rates, along with demand cycles, can also result in significant swings in the prices of the raw materials needed to produce our goods.
Unilever may face liquidity risk, ie difficulty in meeting its obligations, associated with its financial liabilities. A material and sustained shortfall in our cash flow could undermine Unilevers credit rating, impair investor confidence and also restrict Unilevers ability to raise funds.
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Currency exposures are managed within prescribed limits and by the use of forward foreign exchange contracts. Further, operating companies borrow in local currency except where inhibited by local regulations, lack of local liquidity or local market conditions. We also hedge some of our exposures through the use of foreign currency borrowing or forward exchange contracts.
Our interest rate management approach aims to achieve an optimal balance between fixed and floating rate interest exposures on expected net debt.
We seek to manage our liquidity requirements by maintaining access to global debt markets through short-term and long-term debt programmes. In addition, we have high committed credit facilities for general corporate purposes.
Group treasury regularly monitors exposure to our banks, tightening counter-party limits where appropriate. Unilever actively manages its banking exposures on a daily basis. |
52 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
DESCRIPTION OF RISK | WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MANAGE THE RISK | |
We are exposed to market interest rate fluctuations on our floating rate debt. Increases in benchmark interest rates could increase the interest cost of our floating rate debt and increase the cost of future borrowings.
In times of financial market volatility, we are also potentially exposed to counter-party risks with banks, suppliers and customers.
Certain businesses have defined benefit pension plans, most now closed to new employees, which are exposed to movements in interest rates, fluctuating values of underlying investments and increased life expectancy. Changes in any or all of these inputs could potentially increase the cost to Unilever of funding the schemes and therefore have an adverse impact on profitability and cash flow. |
We regularly assess and monitor counter-party risk in our customers and take appropriate action to manage our exposures.
Our pension investment standards require us to invest across a range of equities, bonds, property, alternative assets and cash such that the failure of any single investment will not have a material impact on the overall value of assets.
The majority of our assets, including those held in our pooled investment vehicle, Univest, are managed by external fund managers and are regularly monitored by pension trustees and central pensions and investment teams.
Further information on financial instruments and capital and treasury risk management is included in note 16 on pages 114 to 119.
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ETHICAL | ||
Acting in an ethical manner, consistent with the expectations of customers, consumers and other stakeholders, is essential for the protection of the reputation of Unilever and its brands.
Unilevers brands and reputation are valuable assets and the way in which we operate, contribute to society and engage with the world around us is always under scrutiny both internally and externally. Despite the commitment of Unilever to ethical business and the steps we take to adhere to this commitment, there remains a risk that activities or events cause us to fall short of our desired standard, resulting in damage to Unilevers corporate reputation and business results.
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Our Code of Business Principles and our Code Policies govern the behaviour of our employees, suppliers, distributors and other third parties who work with us.
Our processes for identifying and resolving breaches of our Code of Business Principles and our Code Policies are clearly defined and regularly communicated throughout Unilever. Data relating to such breaches is reviewed by the Unilever Leadership Executive and by relevant Board committees and helps to determine the allocation of resources for future policy development, process improvement, training and awareness initiatives. | |
LEGAL AND REGULATORY | ||
Compliance with laws and regulations is an essential part of Unilevers business operations.
Unilever is subject to local, regional and global laws and regulations in such diverse areas as product safety, product claims, trademarks, copyright, patents, competition, employee health and safety, the environment, corporate governance, listing and disclosure, employment and taxes.
Failure to comply with laws and regulations could expose Unilever to civil and/or criminal actions leading to damages, fines and criminal sanctions against us and/or our employees with possible consequences for our corporate reputation.
Changes to laws and regulations could have a material impact on the cost of doing business. Tax, in particular, is a complex area where laws and their interpretation are changing regularly, leading to the risk of unexpected tax exposure.
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Unilever is committed to complying with the laws and regulations of the countries in which we operate. In specialist areas the relevant teams at global, regional or local levels are responsible for setting detailed standards and ensuring that all employees are aware of and comply with regulations and laws specific and relevant to their roles.
Our legal and regulatory specialists are heavily involved in monitoring and reviewing our practices to provide reasonable assurance that we remain aware of and in line with all relevant laws and legal obligations.
We have a Tax Risk Framework in place which sets out the controls established to assess and monitor tax risk for direct and indirect taxes. |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 53 |
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
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MICHAEL TRESCHOW | KEES STORM | PAUL POLMAN | JEAN-MARC HUËT | |||
Chairman | Vice-Chairman and Senior | Chief Executive Officer | Chief Financial Officer | |||
Independent Director | Executive Director | Executive Director | ||||
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Nationality Swedish Age 71, Male Appointed Chairman May 2007 Committee membership: Nominating and Corporate Governance; Compensation Key areas of experience: Consumer, science & technology Current external appointments: ABB Group (NED); Eli Lilly and Company (European Advisory Board member) Previous relevant experience: Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Chairman); AB Electrolux (Chairman); Confederation of Swedish Enterprise (Chairman); AB Electrolux (CEO) |
Nationality Dutch Age 72, Male Appointed May 2006 Committee membership: Nominating and Corporate Governance (Chairman); Compensation Key areas of experience: Finance Current external appointments: Anheuser-Busch InBev S.A. (Chairman); Baxter International, Inc. (Board member); Pon Holdings B.V. (Vice-Chairman, Supervisory Board); Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers (VNO-NCW) (Member). Previous relevant experience: AEGON N.V. (Chairman, Executive Board) |
Nationality Dutch Age 58, Male Appointed CEO January 2009 Appointed Director October 2008 Key areas of experience: Finance, consumer, sales & marketing Current external appointments: The Dow Chemical Company (NED); World Business Council for Sustainable Development (Chairman, Executive Committee); UN Global Compact (Board member); UK Business Ambassador Previous relevant experience: Procter & Gamble Co. (Group president, Europe); Nestlé S.A. (CFO); Alcon Inc (Director) |
Nationality Dutch Age 45, Male Appointed CFO February 2010 Appointed Director May 2010 Key areas of experience: Finance, consumer Current external appointments: Delta Topco Limited (NED); Heineken N.V. (Supervisory Board member) Previous relevant experience: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (EVP and CFO); Mead Johnson Nutrition (NED); Royal Numico NV (CFO); Goldman Sachs International (Investment Banking) | |||
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LAURA CHA | PROFESSOR LOUISE FRESCO | ANN FUDGE | DR BYRON GROTE | |||
Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | |||
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Nationality Chinese Age 65, Female Appointed May 2013 Committee membership: Corporate Responsibility Key areas of experience: Finance, government, legal & regulatory affairs Current external appointments: Previous relevant experience: Securities and Futures Commission, Hong Kong. China Securities Regulatory Commission |
Nationality Dutch Age 63, Female Appointed May 2009 Committee membership: Corporate Responsibility (Chairman) Key areas of experience: Science & technology, academia Current external appointments: Wageningen UR (President of the Executive Board) Previous relevant experience: Agriculture Department of the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (Assistant director-general for agriculture) |
Nationality American Age 63, Female Appointed May 2009 Committee membership: Compensation Key areas of experience: Consumer, sales & marketing Current external appointments: Novartis AG (NED); General Electric Co. (NED); US Programs Advisory Panel of Gates Foundation (Chairman) Previous relevant experience: Marriott International (NED); Young & Rubicam (Chairman and CEO) |
Nationality American/British Age 66, Male Appointed May 2006 Committee membership: Audit (Chairman) Key areas of experience: Finance Current external appointments: Anglo American plc (NED); Standard Chartered Bank (NED); Akzo Nobel N.V. (Supervisory Board member) Previous relevant experience: BP plc (CFO); UK Business Government Forum on Tax and Globalisation (Member); UK Governments Public Services Productivity Panel (Vice-Chairman) | |||
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MARY MA | HIXONIA NYASULU | SIR MALCOLM RIFKIND | JOHN RISHTON | |||
Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | |||
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Nationality Chinese Age 62, Female Appointed May 2013 Committee membership: Audit Key areas of experience: Finance, consumer, science & technology Current external appointments: Boyu Capital (Chairman); MXZ Investment Limited (Director); Lenovo Group Limited (NED); Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong (NED); Stelux Holdings International Limited (NED) Previous relevant experience: TPG Capital (Partner); TPG China |
Nationality South African Age 60, Female Appointed May 2007 Committee membership: Audit Key areas of experience: Sales & marketing Current external appointments: Sasol Oil (Pty) Limited (Director); Sequel Property Investments (Beneficiary) Previous relevant experience: Sasol Ltd (Chairman); Ithala Development Finance Corporation (Chairman); Nedbank Limited (Deputy Chairman); AVI Ltd (NED) |
Nationality British Age 68, Male Appointed May 2010 Committee membership: Nominating and Corporate Governance Key areas of experience: Government, legal & regulatory affairs Current external appointments: Adam Smith International (NED); Alliance Medical Holdings Limited (NED); Member of UK Parliament Previous relevant experience: Queens Counsel; Served in Cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, last position being that of UK Foreign Secretary; Continental Farmers Group plc (NED) |
Nationality British Age 57, Male Appointed May 2013 Committee membership: Audit Key areas of experience: Finance, sales & marketing Current external appointments: Rolls-Royce Holdings plc (CEO); AeroSpace and Defence Trade Organisation (ASD) (Board member) Previous relevant experience: Royal Ahold N.V. (CEO, President and CFO); ICA AB (NED); Allied Domecq plc (NED); British Airways plc (CFO) | |||
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FEIKE SIJBESMA | PAUL WALSH | DIRECTORS KEY AREAS OF EXPERTISE
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Non-Executive Director | Non-Executive Director | |||||
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Nationality Dutch Age 55, Male Appointed November 2014. Key areas of experience: Finance, consumer, science & technology Current external appointments: Royal DSM N.V. (CEO and Chairman); De Nederlandsche Bank (Member); CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) (Board member) Previous relevant experience: Supervisory board of DSM Netherlands (Chairman); Dutch Genomics Initiative (NGI) (Member); University Utrecht (Board member); Dutch cancer Institute (NKI/AVL) (Board member) |
Nationality British Age 59, Male Appointed May 2009 Committee membership: Compensation (Chairman) Key areas of experience: Finance, consumer, sales & marketing Current external appointments: Compass Group plc (Chairman); FedEx Corporation Inc. (NED); Avanti Communications Group plc (NED); Ontex (Chairman); United Spirits Limited (NED); RM2 (NED) Previous relevant experience: Diageo plc (CEO); Centrica plc (NED) |
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54 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
UNILEVER LEADERSHIP EXECUTIVE (ULE)
FOR PAUL POLMAN AND JEAN-MARC HUËT SEE PAGE 54
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DOUG BAILLIE | DAVID BLANCHARD | KEVIN HAVELOCK | ALAN JOPE | |||
Chief Human Resources | Chief R&D Officer | President, Refreshment | President, Personal Care | |||
Officer | ||||||
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Nationality British Age 59, Male Appointed Chief HR Officer in February 2011 Appointed to ULE as President of Western Europe in May 2008 Joined Unilever 1978 Previous Unilever posts include: Hindustan Unilever Limited (CEO); South Asia (Group VP); Africa, Middle East and Turkey (Group VP) Current external appointments: Synergos (Board member) |
Nationality British Age 50, Male Appointed to ULE February 2013 Joined Unilever 1986 Previous Unilever posts include: Unilever Research & Development (SVP); Unilever Canada Inc. (Chairman); Foods America (SVP Marketing Operations); Global Dressings (VP R&D); Margarine and Spreads (Director of Product Development) Current external appointments: Ingleby Farms and Forests (NED) |
Nationality British Age 57, Male Appointed to ULE November 2011 Joined Unilever 1985 Previous Unilever posts include: FRALIB France (Président Directeur Général); Unilever Arabia (Chairman); Unilever UK (Chairman); Unilever USA (President) Current External Appointments: Pepsi/ Lipton JV (Co-Chairman) |
Nationality British Age 50, Male Appointed to ULE November 2011 Joined Unilever 1985 Previous Unilever posts include: Unilever Russia, Africa and Middle East (President); Unilever North Asia (President); SCC and Dressings (Global Category Leader); Home and Personal Care business in North America (President) | |||
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KEES KRUYTHOFF | NITIN PARANJPE | ANTOINE DE SAINT-AFFRIQUE | PIER LUIGI SIGISMONDI | |||
President, North America | President, Home Care | President, Foods | Chief Supply Chain Officer | |||
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Nationality Dutch Age 46, Male Appointed to ULE November 2011 Joined Unilever 1993 Previous Unilever posts include: Brazil (EVP); Unilever Foods South Africa (CEO); Unilever Bestfoods Asia (SVP and Board member) Current external appointments: Enactus (Worldwide Board member); USA Grocery Manufacturing Association (Board member) |
Nationality Indian Age 51, Male Appointed to ULE October 2013 Joined Unilever 1987 Previous Unilever posts include: Hindustan Unilever Limited (CEO); Home and Personal Care, India (Executive Director); Home Care (VP); Fabric Wash (Category Head); Laundry and Household Cleaning, Asia (Regional Brand Director) Current external appointments: Bhavishya Alliance Child Nutrition Initiatives (Director) |
Nationality French Age 50, Male Appointed to ULE November 2011 First joined Unilever 1989 until 1997; re-joined Unilever 2000 Previous Unilever posts include: Skin category (EVP); Unilever Central and Eastern Europe (EVP); Current external appointments: Conseiller du Commerce Extérieur de la France; Essilor International (NED) |
Nationality Italian Age 49, Male Appointed to ULE September 2009 Previous posts include: Nestlé Mexico. (VP, Operations and R&D); Nestlé S.A.; A T Kearney (VP, Operations) Current external appointments: Rexel S.A. (NED) | |||
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RITVA SOTAMAA | KEITH WEED | JAN ZIJDERVELD | ||||
Chief Legal Officer | Chief Marketing and | President, Europe | ||||
Communications Officer | ||||||
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Nationality Finnish Age 51, Female Appointed to ULE February 2013 Previous posts include: Siemens AG Siemens Healthcare (GC); General Electric Company GE Healthcare (various positions including GE Healthcare Systems (GC)); Instrumentarium Corporation (GC) |
Nationality British Age 53, Male Appointed to ULE April 2010 Joined Unilever 1983 Previous Unilever posts include: Global Home Care and Hygiene (EVP); Lever Fabergé (Chairman); Hair and Oral Care (SVP) Current external appointments: Sun Products Corporation (NED); Collectively Limited (Chairman); Business in the Community International Board (Board member); World Economic Forum Consumer Industry (Board member) |
Nationality Dutch Age 50, Male Appointed to ULE February 2011 Joined Unilever 1988 Previous Unilever posts include: South East Asia and Australasia (EVP); Unilever Middle East North Africa (Chairman); Nordic ice cream business (Chairman) Current external
appointments: |
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Key:
NED | Non-Executive Director |
EVP | Executive Vice President |
SVP | Senior Vice President |
VP | Vice President |
GC | General Counsel |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 55 |
AUDIT COMMITTEE
56 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 57 |
RESPONSIBILITY COMMITTEE
58 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 59 |
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE
60 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 61 |
REPORT
62 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 63 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
THE PACKAGE HAS BEEN DESIGNED BASED ON THE FOLLOWING KEY PRINCIPLES:
PAYING FOR PERFORMANCE |
g |
The focus of our package is on variable pay based on annual and long-term performance. Performance- related elements are structured so that target levels of reward are competitive, but Executive Directors can only earn higher rewards if they exceed the ongoing standards of performance that Unilever requires.
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ALIGNING PERFORMANCE MEASURES WITH STRATEGY |
g |
The performance measures for our annual and long-term plans have been selected to support our business strategy and the ongoing enhancement of shareholder value through a focus on increasing sales, improving margin, cash generation and returns for shareholders.
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DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE |
g |
Acknowledging that success is not only measured by delivering financial returns, we also consider the quality of performance in terms of business results and leadership, including corporate social responsibility and progress against the USLP, when determining rewards.
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To ensure that remuneration arrangements fully support our sustainability agenda, the personal performance goals under the annual bonus include USLP targets.
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ALIGNMENT WITH SHAREHOLDER INTERESTS |
g |
The majority of the package for our Executive Directors is delivered in Unilever shares to ensure that the interests of executives are aligned with shareholders interests. This is further supported by significant shareholding requirements, ensuring that a substantial portion of each Executive Directors personal wealth is linked to Unilevers share price performance.
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g |
Non-Executive Directors are also encouraged to build up their personal holding of Unilever shares to ensure alignment with shareholders interests.
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PAYING COMPETITIVELY |
g |
The overall remuneration package offered to Executive Directors should be sufficiently competitive to attract and retain highly experienced and talented individuals, without paying more than is necessary.
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PREVENTING INAPPROPRIATE RISK-TAKING |
g |
The Committee believes that Unilevers risk management process provides the necessary control to prevent inappropriate risk-taking. When the Committee reviews the structure and levels of performance-related pay for Executive Directors and other members of the Unilever Leadership Executive (ULE), it considers whether these might encourage behaviours that are incompatible with the long-term interests of Unilever and its shareholders or that may raise any environmental, social or governance risks. Where necessary, the Committee would take appropriate steps to address this.
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64 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
ANNUAL REMUNERATION REPORT
The following sets out how Unilevers Remuneration Policy, which is available on our website, will be implemented in 2015 and how it was implemented in 2014.
www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REMUNERATION POLICY IN 2015 FOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
ELEMENTS OF REMUNERATION
FIXED ELEMENTS | AT A GLANCE | DESCRIPTION | ||
OF REMUNERATION | ||||
BASE SALARY | Salary effective from 1 January 2015:
CEO £1,010,000 (unchanged from 2014) CFO £714,000 (unchanged from 2014) |
In its 2011 Report, the Committee signalled its concern that the CEOs salary was positioned at the lower end of market practice compared to similar sized UK and European companies. The Committee expressed its intention to make further increases, as appropriate, to address this over the next few years. Having held their salaries steady for longer than intended and in view of the sustained track record of performance delivery, the Committee recommended, and the Boards approved, salary increases for the CEO and CFO with effect from January 2015. In making these recommendations the Committee considered the strong performance of Unilever and alignment, both to increases in pay for the broader employee population and externally. The CEO and CFO have turned down the salary increases recommended by the Committee for 2015.
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FIXED ALLOWANCE | Fixed allowance for 2015:
CEO £250,000 CFO £220,000
The CFOs allowance has been reduced from £260,000 in 2014 to reflect the final stage of the phasing-out of his annual housing allowance.
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A fixed allowance not linked to base salary is provided as a simple, competitive alternative to the provision of itemised benefits and pensions. | ||
OTHER BENEFIT ENTITLEMENTS | Amounts for other benefits are not known until the year end. |
In line with Unilevers Remuneration Policy, Executive Directors will be provided with death, disability and medical insurance cover and actual tax return preparation costs in 2015.
www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads
In line with the commitments made to the current CEO on recruitment and included in the Remuneration Policy, Unilever also pays the CEOs social security obligations in his country of residence to protect him against the difference between employee social security obligations in his country of residence versus the UK.
Conditional supplemental pension The CEO also receives a conditional supplemental pension accrual to compensate him for the arrangements for feited on leaving his previous employer. The CEO will receive a contribution to his supplemental pension of 12% of the lower of his actual base salary over the year and his 2011 base salary (£920,000) plus 3% per annum. The cap for 2015 has been kept at £976,028 with a maximum contribution of £117,123.
This supplemental pension accrual is conditional on the CEO remaining in employment with Unilever to age 60 and subsequently retiring from active service or his death or total disability prior to retirement. |
PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS OF REMUNERATION
The actual targets for the annual bonus and the three business-focused performance measures for the MCIP and GSIP awards to be made in 2015 have not been disclosed up front. The Boards deem this to be commercially sensitive information as targets could reveal information about Unilevers business plan and budgeting process to competitors, which could be damaging to Unilevers business interests and therefore to shareholders. Where appropriate, targets will be disclosed in the Directors Remuneration Report following the end of the respective performance period.
Performance measures are selected to align with Unilevers clearly stated growth ambition and our long-term business strategy. Unilevers primary business objective is to generate a sustainable improvement in business performance through increasing underlying sales while steadily improving core operating margins and cash flow.
The measures chosen for the annual and long-term incentives support the delivery of this objective. Performance measures focus management on the delivery of a combination of top-line revenue growth and bottom-line profit growth that Unilever believes will build shareholder value over the longer term. The use of a performance measure based on total shareholder return measures Unilevers success relative to peers.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 65 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS OF REMUNERATION |
AT A GLANCE | DESCRIPTION | ||
ANNUAL BONUS |
CEO target 120% of base salary, maximum 200% of base salary CFO target 100% of base salary, maximum 150% of base salary |
The performance measures for 2015 will be:
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In addition, when determining annual bonus awards, the Committee will also consider personal performance and the quality of results in terms of both business results and leadership, including corporate social responsibility and progress against the delivery of USLP goals. | ||||
The Committee determined that free cash flow would replace underlying volume growth as a performance measure for 2015. This change will assist Unilever in focusing on cost reduction and improving cash generation, as well as top-line growth, in a challenging market environment. Underlying volume growth will remain a factor that is considered by the Committee as part of the quality of results assessment.
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MCIP 2015 |
Out of their annual bonus awards, Executive Directors are required to invest 25% of their gross bonus and may invest up to 60% of their gross bonus in the MCIP (investment shares which are held in the individuals name) They are awarded an equal number of MCIP matching shares Maximum vesting for matching shares is 150% of the initial award The maximum award of matching shares for the CEO and CFO (as a percentage of base salary at grant), assuming maximum bonus, maximum deferral under the MCIP, would be 180% of base salary and 135% of base salary respectively
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Matching shares awarded under the MCIP in 2015 will be subject to the same measures as GSIP awards made in the year. Further details of the performance measures are disclosed below.
The Committee considers that using the same performance measures across both the MCIP and GSIP is appropriate, as the performance measures used reflect our key strategic goals and maintain the alignment of our incentive plans to delivering our clearly stated growth ambitions. Given that we use four different performance measures, the Committee believes that the proportion of remuneration linked to each performance measure is not excessive. | ||
GSIP 2015 AWARDS |
Target award 200% of base salary for the CEO and 175% of base salary for CFO Maximum vesting of 200% initial award Maximum vesting of 400% of base salary for the CEO and 350% of base salary for the CFO |
Performance targets are assessed over a three-year period.
Performance measures for 2015 awards:
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(a) | For the three business-focused measures, 25% of target awards vest for achieving threshold performance. 200% of target awards vest (capped at 150% under the MCIP) for maximum performance. |
(b) | For the relative TSR measure, Unilevers TSR is measured against a comparator group of other consumer goods companies. TSR measures the return received by a shareholder, capturing both the increase in share price and the value of dividend income (assuming dividends are reinvested). The TSR results are measured on a common currency basis to better reflect the shareholder experience. |
The current TSR peer group is as follows:
Avon | Colgate-Palmolive | Henkel | LOréal | Reckitt Benckiser | ||||
Beiersdorf | Danone | Kao | Nestlé | Shiseido | ||||
Campbell Soup | General Mills | Kelloggs | PepsiCo | |||||
Coca-Cola | Estée Lauder | Kimberly-Clark | Procter & Gamble |
The TSR comparator group consists of 18 companies (19 including Unilever). No shares in the portion of the award subject to TSR vest if Unilever is ranked below position 10 in the peer group at the end of the three-year period, 50% vests if Unilever is ranked 10th, 100% vests if Unilever is ranked 7th and 200% (150% under the MCIP) vests if Unilever is ranked 3rd or above. Straight-line vesting occurs between these points. The Committee may change the TSR vesting levels set out above if the number of companies in the TSR comparator group changes.
66 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
ULTIMATE REMEDY/MALUS
Grants under the GSIP and MCIP are subject to ultimate remedy. Upon vesting of an award, the Committee shall have the discretionary power to adjust the value of the award if the award, in the Committees opinion taking all circumstances into account, produces an unfair result. In exercising this discretion, the Committee may take into account Unilevers performance against non-financial measures. The Committee will only adjust the value of a vesting GSIP and MCIP award upwards after obtaining shareholder consent. With effect from the 2015 GSIP and MCIP awards, the Committee may apply malus to reduce an award or determine that it will not vest or only vest in part in the event of a significant downward restatement of the financial results of Unilever, gross misconduct or gross negligence, material breach of Unilevers Code of Business Principles or any of the Unilever Code Policies or conduct by the individual that results in significant losses or serious reputational damage to Unilever. With effect from the 2015 annual bonus (based on 2014 performance), the annual bonus will also be subject to malus on the same grounds as apply for GSIP and MCIP awards.
CLAW-BACK
The Committee has discretion to reclaim or claw-back some or all of the value of awards of performance-related payments to Executive Directors in the event of a significant downward restatement of the financial results of Unilever. This includes the annual bonus together with any awards that have been made and/or vested shares under the Share Matching Plan, the GSIP and the MCIP. This claw-back may be effected up to two years from vesting by reducing outstanding awards or requiring the return of the net value of vested awards to Unilever.
In 2014, the Committee did not reclaim or claw-back any of the value of awards of performance-related payments to Executive Directors.
SINGLE FIGURE OF REMUNERATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REMUNERATION POLICY IN 2014 FOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS (AUDITED)
The table below shows a single figure of remuneration for each of our Executive Directors, for the years 2013 (restated to reflect final value of GSIP performance shares on the date of vesting) and 2014.
Paul Polman CEO (UK) (000) |
Jean-Marc Huët CFO (UK) (000) |
|||||||||||||||||
2014 | 2013 (Restated) |
2014 | 2013 (Restated) |
|||||||||||||||
(A) Base salary |
1,251 | 1,189 | 885 | 841 | ||||||||||||||
(B) Fixed allowances and other benefits |
787 | 700 | 377 | 594 | ||||||||||||||
(C) Annual bonus |
1,652 | 1,864 | 778 | 879 | ||||||||||||||
Long-term incentives |
(D) MCIP matching shares (required by UK law) |
1,803 | n/a | 370 | n/a | |||||||||||||
(E) GSIP performance shares (required by UK law) |
3,923 | 3,798 | 3,022 | 2,630 | ||||||||||||||
Long-term incentives (sub-total) |
5,726 | 3,798 | 3,392 | 2,630 | ||||||||||||||
(F) Conditional supplemental pension |
145 | 138 | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||||||
Total remuneration paid (required by UK law) (A+B+C+D+E+F) |
9,561 | 7,689 | 5,432 | 4,944 | ||||||||||||||
(G) Share awards (required by Dutch law) |
4,206 | 4,069 | 2,249 | 2,652 | ||||||||||||||
Total remuneration paid (required by Dutch law) (A+B+C+F+G) |
8,041 | 7,960 | 4,289 | 4,966 |
Where relevant, amounts for 2014 have been translated into euros using the average exchange rate over 2014 (1 = £0.8071), excluding amounts in respect of long-term incentive plans which have been translated into euros using the exchange rate at vesting date (1 = £0.7383). Amounts for 2013 have been translated into euros using the average exchange rate over 2013 (1 = £0.8492), excluding amounts in respect of GSIP which have been translated into euros using the exchange rate at vesting date (1 = £0.8351).
We do not grant our Executive Directors any personal loans or guarantees.
ELEMENTS OF SINGLE FIGURE REMUNERATION 2014
(A) BASE SALARY (AUDITED)
Salary set in sterling and paid in 2014:
| CEO £1,010,000 |
| CFO £714,000 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 67 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
(B) FIXED ALLOWANCE AND OTHER BENEFITS (AUDITED)
For 2014 this comprises:
Paul Polman | Jean-Marc Huët | |||||||
CEO (UK) | CFO (UK) | |||||||
(£) | (1) | (£) | (1) | |||||
2014 | 2014 | |||||||
Fixed allowance |
250,000 | 260,000 | ||||||
Medical insurance cover and actual tax return preparation costs |
54,637 | 35,765 | ||||||
Provision of death-in-service benefits and administration |
10,901 | 8,174 | ||||||
Unilever 2005 Share Save Plan(2) |
11,868 | n/a | ||||||
Payment to protect against difference between employee social security obligations in country of residence versus UK |
307,899 | n/a | ||||||
Total |
635,305 | (3) | 303,939 |
(1) | The numbers in this table are quoted in sterling and have been translated into euros for the single figure of remuneration table above using the average exchange rate over 2014 of 1 = £0.8071. |
(2) | On 25 November 2014 Paul Polman exercised his 1,042 options under the Unilever 2005 Share Save Plan. The option price at grant was £14.92 and the closing share price on the exercise date was £26.31 so his notional gain on exercise was £11,868. |
(3) | In 2013, the Dutch government applied an additional crisis tax charge of 16% over 2013 taxable income of employees above 150,000. This tax charge for Unilever N.V. for Paul Polman over 2013 was 148,969. This tax is an expense to the employer and therefore not included in the table above and is no longer applicable in 2014. |
(C) ANNUAL BONUS (AUDITED)
Annual bonus 2014 actual outcomes
| CEO £1,333,200 (which is 66% of maximum, 132% of base salary) |
| CFO £628,320 (which is 59% of maximum, 88% of base salary) |
This includes cash and shares invested under the MCIP. See below for details.
Performance against targets:
2014 has been a year of resilient performance in the face of stiff competition and a deteriorating economic environment in many of the markets in which Unilever operates.
At the beginning of the year, the Committee set stretching performance targets, against which management has made solid progress despite declining growth rates during the year across many of the markets in which Unilever sells its products. Underlying sales growth was 2.9% and underlying volume growth was 1.0%. Although these results are towards the lower end of the performance range, Unilever has continued to grow ahead of its markets. Improvement in core operating margin compared with 2013 was 0.4 percentage points. The Committee considered this to be an outstanding performance, especially given unfavourable movements in exchange rates over the course of 2014. To achieve this result, underlying core operating margin growth at constant exchange rates has been 0.8 percentage points reflecting strong discipline in controlling costs.
In view of the high quality of results achieved over the course of the year, the Committee exercised its judgement to raise the overall Group bonus score from 68% to 80% of target (40% of maximum). The Committee considered this to be a fairer representation of the performance delivered by the executive team during 2014. In the past five years, including 2014, the Committee has exercised its discretion to adjust the formulaic outcome of the annual bonus calculation downwards three times and upwards twice.
In determining bonus outcomes for Paul Polman, the Committee also considered his strong personal performance and leadership in driving Unilever to a more agile and resilient business, as well as his personal leadership in driving towards a more responsible long-term sustainable business model, taking the needs of multiple stakeholders into account, driving diversity and making Unilever the choice for talent in the majority of its markets. As a consequence of that review, Paul Polman was awarded a personal performance multiplier of 138%. This resulted in Paul Polman receiving a bonus of 132% of his base salary. This is calculated as follows:
68 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
In determining bonus outcomes for Jean-Marc Huët, the Committee also considered his personal performance and leadership, including the management of Unilevers financial risk exposure and driving enterprise wide efficiencies. As a consequence of that review, Jean-Marc Huët was awarded a personal performance multiplier of 110%. This resulted in Jean-Marc Huët receiving a bonus of 88% of his base salary. This is calculated as follows:
MCIP 2015 AWARDS (BASED ON 2014 ANNUAL BONUS OUTCOMES)
On 13 February 2015, Paul Polman invested 60% (£799,920) and Jean-Marc Huët invested 25% (£157,080) of their 2014 bonus in MCIP investment shares. Paul Polman elected to invest fully in NV shares. Jean-Marc Huët elected to receive a 50/50 mix of PLC/NV shares.
They each received a corresponding award of performance-related MCIP matching shares (awarded in the same form as the investment shares). MCIP matching awards are subject to the same performance measures as GSIP awards. Further information on matching awards is set out on page 65 to 66.
(D) MCIP UK LAW REQUIREMENT (AUDITED)
2014 OUTCOMES
This includes MCIP matching shares granted on 17 February 2012 (based on the percentage of 2011 bonus that Executive Directors had invested in Unilever shares) based on performance in the three-year period to 31 December 2014 which vested on 17 February 2015.
The values included in the single figure table for 2014 are calculated by multiplying the number of shares granted on 17 February 2012 (including additional shares in respect of accrued dividends through to 31 December 2014) by the level of vesting (121% of target awards). The share prices on the date of vesting of NV 37.04 and PLC £28.01 have been translated into euros using the exchange rate on the date of vesting: 1 = £0.7383.
The award was based on the same performance targets as the GSIP and performance against targets is outlined in section E below.
(E) GSIP UK LAW REQUIREMENT (AUDITED)
2014 OUTCOMES
This includes GSIP performance shares granted on 17 February 2012, based on performance in the three-year period to 31 December 2014 which vested on 17 February 2015.
The values included in the single figure table for 2014 are calculated by multiplying the number of shares granted on 17 February 2012 (including additional shares in respect of accrued dividends through to 31 December 2014) by the level of vesting (121% of target awards). The share prices on the date of vesting of NV 37.04 and PLC £28.01 have been translated into euros using the exchange rate on the date of vesting: 1 = £0.7383.
The award was equally based on the performance measures outlined in the table below.
Performance against targets:
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 69 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
At the outset of the 2012-2014 performance period, the Committee set demanding performance ranges for the long-term incentive plans, as shown in the table above. Over the past three years, Unilever has delivered very strong financial performance against these ranges. Underlying sales growth during the period was 4.7% per annum and core operating margin improvement of 0.37 percentage points per annum over the period demonstrate managements commitment to delivering consistent top and bottom line growth. Unilever has also generated very strong operating cash flow of 15.5 billion over the period. Total shareholder return over the period was below the performance of our peers, consequently no part of this element of the award will vest. The Committee considers that these outcomes are a fair reflection of Unilevers performance over the period and determined that GSIP awards granted to Executive Directors in 2012 will vest at 121% of the initial award level (ie 61% of maximum). The Committee also determined that MCIP awards granted to Executive Directors in 2012 will vest at 121% of initial award levels (vesting capped at 150% ie 81% of maximum awards).
The 2011 GSIP performance shares figure, included in the single figure remuneration in respect of 2013, has been restated to reflect the actual number of shares that vested and the market value of the shares on the date of vesting of 14 March 2014 (PLC £23.69 and NV 27.70) and have been translated into euros using the exchange rate on the date of vesting: 1 = £0.8351. The figure included in the 2013 Directors Remuneration Report was estimated based on the average share price for the period from 1 October 2013 to 31 December 2013 as the vesting date was post the publication of the 2013 Annual Report and Accounts. The actual values at the vesting date were: Paul Polman 3,798,141 (estimated as 3,849,000) and Jean-Marc Huët 2,630,022 (estimated as 2,665,000).
(F) CONDITIONAL SUPPLEMENTAL PENSION (AUDITED)
CEO: Paul Polman
Conditional supplemental pension provision agreed with Paul Polman on hiring, which is conditional on his remaining in employment with Unilever to age 60 and subsequently retiring from active service or his death or total disability prior to retirement. This was £117,123 based on 12% of a capped salary of £976,028 for 2014.
CFO: Jean-Marc Huët
Jean-Marc Huët does not receive a conditional supplemental pension.
(G) SHARE INCENTIVES DUTCH LAW REQUIREMENT (AUDITED)
As per the Dutch requirements, these costs are non-cash costs and relate to the expenses recognised for the period following IFRS 2. This is based on share prices on grant dates, a 98% adjustment factor for GSIP shares and MCIP matching shares awarded in 2014, 2013 and 2012.
OTHER IMPLEMENTATION INFORMATION FOR 2014
SCHEME INTERESTS AWARDED IN THE YEAR (AUDITED)
PLAN | BASIS OF AWARD | MAXIMUM FACE VALUE OF AWARDS |
THRESHOLD VESTING (% OF TARGET AWARD) |
PERFORMANCE PERIOD |
DETAILS OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES | |||||
MCIP Conditional matching share award made on 14 February 2014 |
Based on the level of 2013 bonus paid in 2014 invested by the CEO and CFO.
The following numbers of matching shares were awarded on 14 February 2014 (a):
CEO:
PLC 0
NV 41,775
CFO:
PLC 4,036
NV 4,036
Maximum vesting results in 150% of target awards vesting. |
CEO:
£1,400,994(b)
CFO:
£277,562(b)
|
Four equally weighted long-term performance measures. For the three business focused metrics, 25% of the target award vests for threshold performance. For the TSR measure, 50% of the target awards vest for threshold performance. | 1 January 2014 31 December 2016 | Subject to four equally weighted performance measures(c):
Underlying sales growth Core operating margin improvement Operating cash flow and Relative total shareholder return
Further details are set out on page 65 to 66. |
70 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
PLAN | BASIS OF AWARD | MAXIMUM FACE VALUE OF AWARDS |
THRESHOLD VESTING (% OF TARGET AWARD) |
PERFORMANCE PERIOD |
DETAILS OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES | |||||
GSIP Conditional share award made on 14 February 2014 |
The CEO received a target award of 200% of base salary.
CEO:
PLC 43,700
NV 43,700
The CFO received a target award of 175% of base salary.
CFO:
PLC 27,031
NV 27,031
Maximum vesting results in 200% of target awards vesting, which translates to a maximum vesting of 400% of base salary for the CEO and 350% of base salary for the CFO.
|
CEO:
£4,007,095(b)
CFO:
£2,478,622(b) |
As opposite | As opposite | As opposite |
(a) | Under MCIP, Executive Directors are able to choose whether they invest in PLC or NV shares or a 50/50 mix. Executive Directors receive a corresponding number of performance-related matching shares. Matching shares will be awarded in the same form as the investment shares (ie in PLC or NV shares or a 50/50 mix). On 14 February 2014, the CEO invested 60% (£949,905) and the CFO invested 25% (£186,533) of their 2013 bonus in MCIP investment shares. The CEO elected to invest fully in NV shares. The CFO elected to receive a 50/50 mix of PLC/NV shares. |
(b) | The face values included in this table are calculated by multiplying the number of shares granted on 14 February 2014 by the share price on that day of PLC £23.49 and NV 27.70 respectively, assuming maximum performance and therefore maximum vesting of 200% for GSIP and 150% for MCIP and then translating into sterling using an average exchange rate over 2014 of 1 = £0.8071. |
(c) | The actual targets for the three business-focused performance measures for the 2014 MCIP and GSIP awards have not been disclosed up front as the Boards deem this to be commercially sensitive information as targets could reveal information about Unilevers business plan and budgeting process to competitors, which could be damaging to Unilevers business interests and therefore to shareholders. Targets will be disclosed in the Directors Remuneration Report following the end of the relevant performance period. |
MINIMUM SHAREHOLDING REQUIREMENT AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR SHARE INTERESTS (UNAUDITED)
The table below shows the Executive Directors share ownership against the minimum shareholding requirements as at 31 December 2014 and the interest in NV and PLC ordinary shares of Executive Directors and their connected persons as at 31 December 2014.
When calculating an Executive Directors personal shareholding the following methodology is used:
| Base salary at the date of measurement. |
| Shares in either Unilever PLC or Unilever N.V. (or a combination of both) will qualify provided they are personally owned by the Executive Director or by a member of his (immediate) family (connected person). |
| Shares purchased under the MCIP from the annual bonus will qualify as from the moment of purchase as these are held in the individuals name and are not subject to further restrictions. |
| Shares acquired under a restricted stock arrangement will qualify on a net of tax basis. |
| Shares awarded on a conditional basis by way of the GSIP, or the MCIP, will not qualify until the moment of vesting (ie once the precise number of shares is fixed after the three-year vesting period has elapsed). |
| The shares will be valued on the date of measurement, or if that outcome fails the personal shareholding test, on the date of acquisition. The share price for the relevant measurement date will be based on the average closing share prices and the euro/sterling/US dollar exchange rates from the 60 calendar days prior to the measurement date. |
Executive Directors are required to hold shares to the value of 100% of their shareholding requirement for 12 months post cessation of employment at Unilever, and 50% of these shares for 24 months post cessation of employment with Unilever.
All ULE members are required to build a shareholding of 300% of base salary. This requirement is 150% of base salary for the Top 100 management layer below ULE.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS INTERESTS IN SHARES AND SHARE OWNERSHIP (AUDITED)
Share ownership | Actual share | Shares held as at 1 January 2014(b) |
Shares held as at 31 December 2014(b) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
guideline as % of base salary |
|
|
Have guidelines been met? |
|
|
ownership (as a % of base salary) |
(a) |
NV | PLC | NV | PLC | ||||||||||||||||
CEO: Paul Polman |
400 | yes | 2004 | 310,572 | 266,546 | 486,191 | 287,296 | |||||||||||||||||||||
CFO: Jean-Marc Huët |
300 | yes | 871 | 86,620 | 86,853 | 118,050 | 118,559 |
(a) | Calculated based on the minimum shareholding requirements and methodology set out above and the base salaries as included for the CEO and CFO in the single figure. |
(b) | NV shares are ordinary 0.16 shares and PLC shares are ordinary 3 1⁄9p shares. |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 71 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
On 13 February 2015, Paul Polman and Jean-Marc Huët invested 60% and 25% respectively of their annual bonus earned in respect of 2014 and paid in 2015 in the MCIP. This resulted in 29,128 NV investment shares for Paul Polman and 2,839 NV and 2,839 PLC investment shares for Jean-Marc Huët. They each received a corresponding award of performance-related NV and PLC shares under the terms of the MCIP.
The 17 February 2012 MCIP and GSIP grants vested on 17 February at 121%. In accordance with Unilevers Remuneration Policy (www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads) Paul Polman elected for share choice and chose to receive his shares in the form of 100% NV shares. Therefore, on vesting his PLC awards were cancelled and converted as 24,744 NV shares for MCIP and 53,847 NV shares for GSIP, resulting in a total vesting for his MCIP award of 48,675 NV shares and 105,926 NV shares for his GSIP award. For Jean-Marc Huët this resulted in 4,914 NV shares and 4,960 PLC shares under MCIP and 40,125 NV shares and 40,496 PLC shares under GSIP.
The voting rights of the Directors who hold interests in the share capital of NV and PLC are the same as for other holders of the class of shares indicated. None of the Directors (Executive and Non-Executive) or other executive officers shareholdings amounts to more than 1% of the issued shares in that class of share, excluding the holdings of the Leverhulme Trust and the Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust, which amount to 5.5%. All shareholdings in the table above are beneficial. In addition, 68,531,182 shares are held by the Leverhulme Trust and 2,035,582 shares are held by the Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust, of which Paul Polman is a director and is therefore treated as interested in those shares.
INFORMATION IN RELATION TO OUTSTANDING SHARE INCENTIVE AWARDS
As at 31 December 2014, Paul Polman held awards over a total of 392,921 shares which are subject to performance conditions.
Jean-Marc Huët held awards over a total of 202,142 shares which are subject to performance conditions. There are no awards of shares without performance conditions and no awards in the form of options.
SHARE MATCHING PLAN (AUDITED)
|
Balance of conditional shares at 1 January 2014 |
|
|
Conditional shares vested in 2014 |
(a) |
|
Balance of conditional shares at 31 December 2014 |
| ||||||||||||
Share type | No. of shares | No. of shares | Price at award | No. of shares | ||||||||||||||||
Paul Polman |
NV | 9,932 | (b) | 9,932 | 21.59 | 0 | ||||||||||||||
PLC | 9,932 | (b) | 9,932 | £18.35 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Jean-Marc Huët |
NV | 5,047 | (c) | 5,047 | 21.59 | 0 | ||||||||||||||
PLC | 5,047 | (c) | 5,047 | £18.35 | 0 |
(a) | Each award of matching shares is conditional and vests three years after the date of the award subject to continued employment and maintenance of the underlying bonus shares. These awards were not subject to further performance conditions. |
(b) | Awarded on 14 March 2011 and vested on 14 March 2014. |
(c) | Awarded on 14 March 2011 and vested on 14 March 2014. |
There are no further outstanding awards under this plan and no further awards will be granted.
MANAGEMENT CO-INVESTMENT PLAN (AUDITED)
The following conditional shares were granted during 2014 and were outstanding at 31 December 2014 under the MCIP:
|
Balance of conditional shares at 1 January 2014 |
|
|
Conditional shares awarded in 2014 |
(a) |
|
Balance of conditional shares at 31 December 2014 |
| ||||||||||||||||
|
Share type |
|
Original award |
|
Performance period 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 |
|
|
Price at award |
|
|
Dividend shares accrued during the year |
(d) |
||||||||||||
Paul Polman |
NV | 42,719 | (b) | 41,775 | 27.70 | 2,688 | 87,182 | |||||||||||||||||
PLC | 42,912 | (b) | 0 | | 1,688 | 44,600 | ||||||||||||||||||
Jean-Marc Huët |
NV | 9,218 | (c) | 4,036 | 27.70 | 447 | 13,701 | |||||||||||||||||
PLC | 9,259 | (c) | 4,036 | £23.49 | 480 | 13,775 |
(a) | Each award of conditional matching shares vests three years after the date of the award, subject to performance conditions (further details can be found on pages 65 to 66). Awards are all subject to continued employment and maintenance of the underlying investment shares. Under MCIP, Executive Directors are able to choose whether they invest in PLC or NV shares or a 50/50 mix. Executive Directors receive a corresponding number of performance-related matching shares. Matching shares will be awarded in the same form as the investment shares (ie in PLC or NV shares or a 50/50 mix). On 14 February 2014, Paul Polman and Jean-Marc Huët invested in the MCIP 60% and 25% respectively of their annual bonus earned during 2013 and paid in 2014 and received a corresponding award of matching shares which will vest, subject to performance, on 14 February 2017. |
(b) | This includes 17,772 NV and PLC shares granted on 17 February 2012 and 641 NV shares and 706 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2012 and 664 NV shares and 727 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2013. These shares were subject to performance conditions over the three-year period to 31 December 2014 and 121% of the award vested on 17 February 2015. This also includes 22,999 NV and PLC shares granted on 18 February 2013 and 643 NV shares and 708 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2013. These shares will vest, subject to performance conditions, on 18 February 2016. |
(c) | This includes 3,649 NV and PLC shares granted on 17 February 2012 and 132 NV shares and 145 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2012 and 136 NV shares and 149 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2013. These shares were subject to performance conditions over the three-year period to 31 December 2014 and 121% of the award vested on 17 February 2015. This also includes 5,157 NV and PLC shares granted on 18 February 2013 and 144 NV shares and 159 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in 2013. These shares will vest, subject to performance conditions, on 18 February 2016. |
(d) | Reflects reinvested dividend equivalents accrued during 2014 and subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying matching shares. |
72 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
GLOBAL SHARE INCENTIVE PLAN (AUDITED)
The following conditional shares were granted during 2014 and were outstanding at 31 December 2014 under the GSIP:
|
Balance of conditional shares at 1 January 2014 |
|
|
Conditional shares awarded in 2014 |
(a) |
|
Balance of conditional shares at 31 December 2014 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Share type |
|
Original award | |
Performance period 1 January 2014 to |
|
|
Price at award |
|
|
Dividend shares accrued during the year |
(d) |
|
Vested in 2014 |
(e) |
|
Additional shares earned in 2014 |
|
|
Price at vesting |
|
No. of shares | ||||||||||||||
Paul Polman |
NV | 134,444 | (b) | 43,700 | 27.70 | 4,702 | 67,362 | 14,735 | 27.70 | 130,219 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PLC | 135,378 | (b) | 43,700 | £23.49 | 5,054 | 68,111 | 14,899 | £23.69 | 130,920 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jean-Marc Huët |
NV | 93,319 | (c) | 27,031 | 27.70 | 3,178 | 46,645 | 10,203 | 27.70 | 87,086 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PLC | 93,979 | (c) | 27,031 | £23.49 | 3,416 | 47,165 | 10,319 | £23.69 | 87,580 |
(a) | Each award of conditional shares vests three years after the date of the award, subject to performance conditions (further details can be found on pages 65 to 66). The 2014 award was made on 14 February 2014 (vesting 14 February 2017). |
(b) | This includes a grant of 47,173 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 14 March 2011 (128% of which vested on 14 March 2014), a grant of 38,676 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 17 February 2012 (121% of the award vested on 17 February 2015), a grant of 39,698 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 18 February 2013 (vesting 18 February 2016) and 8,897 NV shares and 9,831 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in prior years in respect of awards. |
(c) | This includes a grant of 32,665 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 14 March 2011 (128% of which vested on 14 March 2014), a grant of 29,798 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 17 February 2012 (121% of the award vested on 17 February 2015), a grant of 24,556 of each of NV and PLC shares made on 18 February 2013 (vesting 18 February 2016) and 6,300 NV shares and 6,960 PLC shares from reinvested dividends accrued in prior years in respect of awards. |
(d) | Reflects reinvested dividend equivalents accrued during 2014 and subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying GSIP shares. |
(e) | The 14 March 2011 grant vested on 14 March 2014 at 128%. In accordance with Unilevers Remuneration Policy (www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads), Executive Directors are able to choose whether they receive any shares that are due to vest under GSIP in PLC or NV shares or keep the 50/50 mix. Paul Polman elected for share choice and chose to receive his shares in the form of 100% NV shares. Therefore, upon vesting, his 14 March 2011 PLC award was cancelled and converted and delivered to him as 69,755 NV shares (resulting in a total vesting for the 14 March 2011 grant of 137,117 NV shares). |
On 13 February 2015, Paul Polman received an award of 36,497 NV and 36,497 PLC performance-related shares and Jean-Marc Huët received an award of 22,576 NV and 22,576 PLC performance-related shares under the GSIP.
SHARE SAVE PLAN (AUDITED)
The Unilever PLC 2005 Share Save Plan is a UK tax-qualified, all-employee, savings-related share option scheme under which employees can save up to a limit of £250 per month with an option to buy PLC shares at the end of a five-year vesting period (subject to continued employment).
Share type | |
Balance of options at 1 January 2014 |
(a) |
|
Granted in 2014 |
|
|
Balance of options at 31 December 2014 |
(b) |
|
First exercisable date |
|
Final expiry date | |||||||||||
Paul Polman |
PLC | 1,042 | | 0 | 01/10/2014 | 01/04/2015 |
(a) | Option price at grant was £14.92. |
(b) | Paul Polman exercised his 1,042 options on 25 November 2014. |
There are no further outstanding awards under this plan and no further awards will be granted.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS SERVICE CONTRACTS
Starting dates of our Executive Directors service contracts:
CEO: 1 October 2008 (signed on 7 October 2008);
CFO: 1 February 2010 (signed on 19 March 2010).
Both service contracts shall end upon termination and are available to shareholders to view at the AGMs or on request from the Group Secretary.
Service contracts can be terminated with 12 months notice from Unilever or six months notice from the Executive Director. A payment in lieu of notice can be made of no more than one years base salary, fixed allowance and other benefits unless the Boards, at the proposal of the Committee, find this manifestly unreasonable given the circumstances or unless dictated by applicable law. Other payments that can be made to Executive Directors in the event of loss of office are disclosed in our Remuneration Policy which is available on our website.
www.unilever.com/ara2014/downloads
PAYMENTS TO FORMER DIRECTORS (AUDITED)
There have been no payments to former Directors during the year.
PAYMENTS FOR LOSS OF OFFICE (AUDITED)
There were no payments for loss of office.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 73 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REMUNERATION POLICY IN 2015 FOR NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
The Non-Executive Director fee levels were reviewed in 2014 and no changes were made to the sterling reference with the exception of the Vice Chairman position. With effect from the 2015 NV and PLC AGMs the fees of the Vice Chairman will be based on the modular fee structure set out below, including a fee of £30,000 for the Vice Chairmans responsibilities. The Non-Executive Directors fees are set at a reference point in sterling (£) and then 50% is paid in sterling (£) by PLC and 50% is paid in euros () by NV at a £/ exchange rate which is reviewed periodically to ensure that the balance between the fees remains appropriate. We reviewed the exchange rate used in this calculation in 2014 and updated the amount paid by NV in euros to reflect the movement in exchange rates since 2011 when the balance was last set. The table below outlines the updated 2015 fees.
Role | Reference sterling total fees(1) |
NV | PLC | |||||||||||||
Chairman |
£550,000 | 352,474 | and | £275,000 | ||||||||||||
Vice Chairman |
£30,000 | 19,226 | and | £15,000 | ||||||||||||
Basic Non-Executive Director fee |
£75,000 | 48,065 | and | £37,500 | ||||||||||||
Membership of the Nominating and Corporate Governance, Compensation and |
£10,000 | 6,409 | and | £5,000 | ||||||||||||
Membership of the Audit Committee |
£15,000 | 9,613 | and | £7,500 | ||||||||||||
Chairman of the Nominating and Corporate Governance, Compensation and |
£20,000 | 12,817 | and | £10,000 | ||||||||||||
Chairman of the Audit Committee |
£30,000 | 19,226 | and | £15,000 |
1 | With the exception of the Vice Chairman, the overall fees are unchanged since 2012 and 50% of the overall fee is paid in euros and is converted to euros from sterling using Unilevers Controllers department third quarter 2014 closing exchange rate 1 = £0.7802 at the date of the review. |
All reasonable travel and other expenses incurred by Non-Executive Directors in the course of performing their duties are considered to be business expenses. Non-Executive Directors also receive expenses relating to the attendance of the Directors spouse or partner, when they are invited by Unilever.
SINGLE FIGURE OF REMUNERATION IN 2014 FOR NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS (AUDITED)
The table below shows a single figure of remuneration for each of our Non-Executive Directors, for the years 2013 and 2014.
2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-Executive Director |
|
Fees 000 |
(a)
|
|
Benefits 000 |
(b)
|
|
Total remuneration 000 |
|
|
Fees 000 |
(a)
|
|
Benefits 000 |
(b)
|
|
Total remuneration 000 |
| ||||||
Michael Treschow(c) |
654 | 3 | 657 | 637 | 1 | 638 | ||||||||||||||||||
Laura Cha |
101 | | 101 | 62 | | 62 | ||||||||||||||||||
Louise Fresco(d) |
113 | | 113 | 106 | | 106 | ||||||||||||||||||
Ann Fudge |
101 | 11 | 112 | 103 | 17 | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||
Charles Golden(e) |
42 | | 42 | 101 | 14 | 115 | ||||||||||||||||||
Byron Grote(f) |
125 | | 125 | 127 | 2 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mary Ma |
107 | | 107 | 66 | | 66 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sunil Bharti Mittal(g) |
| | | 32 | | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hixonia Nyasulu |
107 | | 107 | 102 | 12 | 114 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sir Malcolm Rifkind |
101 | | 101 | 103 | | 103 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Rishton |
107 | | 107 | 66 | | 66 | ||||||||||||||||||
Feike Sijbesma |
15 | 1 | 16 | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||||||||||
Kees Storm(h) |
196 | 3 | 199 | 191 | | 191 | ||||||||||||||||||
Paul Walsh(i) |
113 | 2 | 115 | 119 | | 119 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total |
1,882 | 20 | 1,902 | 1,815 | 46 | 1,861 |
(a) | This includes fees received from both NV in euros and PLC in sterling for both 2013 and 2014 respectively. Includes basic Non-Executive Director fee and Committee chairmanship and/or membership. |
(b) | The only benefit received relates to travel by spouses or partners where they are invited by Unilever. |
(c) | Chairman. |
(d) | Chair, Corporate Responsibility Committee. |
(e) | Chose not to put himself forward for re-election at the May 2014 AGMs. |
(f) | Chair, Audit Committee. |
(g) | Chose not to put himself forward for re-election at the May 2013 AGMs. |
(h) | Vice-Chairman and Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. |
(i) | Chair, Compensation Committee. |
In 2013, the Dutch government applied an additional crisis tax charge of 16% over 2013 taxable income above 150,000. This tax charge for Unilever N.V. for Michael Treschow over 2013 is 26,171. This tax is an expense to Unilever N.V. and therefore not included in the table above and is no longer applicable in 2014.
We do not grant our Non-Executive Directors any personal loans or guarantees, nor are they entitled to any severance payments.
74 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS INTERESTS IN SHARES (AUDITED)
Non-Executive Directors are encouraged to build up a personal shareholding of at least one times their annual fees over the five years from 1 January 2012 (or appointment if later).
The table shows the interests in NV and PLC ordinary shares of Non-Executive Directors and their connected persons as at 31 December 2014. There has been no change in these interests between 31 December 2014 and 25 February 2015, other than Feike Sijbesma who purchased 1,500 NV shares on 20 January 2015 at a share price of 34.50.
NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS LETTERS OF APPOINTMENT
All Non-Executive Directors were reappointed to the Boards at the 2014 AGMs, with the exception of Feike Sijbesma who was appointed for the first time with effect from 1 November 2014 and Charles Golden who chose not to put himself forward for re-election.
Non-Executive Director | Date first appointed to the Board |
Effective date of current letter of appointment* |
||||||
Michael Treschow |
16 May 2007 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Laura Cha |
15 May 2013 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Louise Fresco |
14 May 2009 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Ann Fudge |
14 May 2009 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Charles Golden |
09 May 2006 | n/a | ||||||
Byron Grote |
09 May 2006 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Mary Ma |
15 May 2013 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Hixonia Nyasulu |
16 May 2007 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Sir Malcolm Rifkind |
12 May 2010 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
John Rishton |
15 May 2013 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Feike Sijbesma |
01 November 2014 | 01 November 2014 | ||||||
Kees Storm |
09 May 2006 | 14 May 2014 | ||||||
Paul Walsh |
14 May 2009 | 14 May 2014 |
* | The unexpired term for all Non-Executive Directors letters of appointment is the period up to the 2015 AGMs, as they all, unless they are retiring, submit themselves for annual re-election. |
OTHER DISCLOSURES RELATED TO DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
SERVING AS A NON-EXECUTIVE ON THE BOARD OF ANOTHER COMPANY
Executive Directors serving as non-executive directors on the boards of other companies are permitted to retain all remuneration and fees earned from outside directorships subject to a maximum of one outside listed directorship (see Independence and Conflicts on pages 42 to 43 for further details).
Paul Polman is a non-executive director of The Dow Chemical Company and received an annual fee of 86,239 (US $115,000 based on the average exchange rate over the year 1 = US $1.3335). In addition, he received a restricted award of 2,760 ordinary shares with a nominal value of US $2.50 per share in the capital of The Dow Chemical Company. The shares include the rights to vote and to receive dividends thereon. The shares cannot be sold or transferred until Paul Polman leaves the board of directors of The Dow Chemical Company, and in any case not earlier than 16 May 2016.
Jean-Marc Huët is a non-executive director of the unlisted company Delta Topco Limited and received an annual fee of 179,978 (US $240,000). Furthermore, Jean-Marc Huët was appointed as a non-executive director of Heineken N.V. from 24 April 2014 and received an annual fee of 51,510.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 75 |
DIRECTORS REMUNERATION
REPORT CONTINUED
76 Governance | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Governance 77 |
RESPONSIBILITIES
78 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
NETHERLANDS KPMG ACCOUNTANTS N.V. | UNITED KINGDOM KPMG LLP | |
TO: THE GENERAL MEETING OF UNILEVER N.V. | TO: THE MEMBERS OF UNILEVER PLC ONLY |
For the purpose of these reports, the terms we and our denote KPMG Accountants N.V. in relation to the Netherlands responsibilities and reporting obligations to the General Meeting of Unilever N.V. and KPMG LLP in relation to UK responsibilities and reporting obligations to the members of Unilever PLC. The Unilever Group (the Group) consists of Unilever PLC, Unilever N.V. and the entities they controlled during the financial year. The reports of KPMG Accountants N.V. and KPMG LLP are presented in the left and right hand columns of this report respectively. Where separate columns are not presented, the content of the reports of KPMG Accountants N.V. and KPMG LLP are identical.
The financial statements (the Financial Statements) comprise:
| the consolidated financial statements of the Group (the Consolidated Financial Statements); |
| the parent company financial statements of Unilever N.V. (the N.V. Company Accounts); and |
| the parent company financial statements of Unilever PLC (the PLC Company Accounts), each of which are defined below. |
OPINIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ARISING FROM OUR AUDIT | ||
1 OUR OPINIONS ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE UNMODIFIED | ||
We have audited the consolidated financial statements of the Group for the year ended 31 December 2014 which comprise the consolidated balance sheet as at 31 December 2014, the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year then ended and notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, including a summary of the significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. In addition, KPMG Accountants N.V. has audited the N.V. Company Accounts (which comprise the company balance sheet as at 31 December 2014, the company profit and loss account for 2014 and the notes comprising a summary of the significant accounting policies and other explanatory information) and KPMG LLP has audited the PLC Company Accounts (which comprise the company balance sheet as at 31 December 2014 and the notes to the PLC Company Accounts, including the summary of the significant accounting policies and other explanatory information).
| ||
In our opinion: | In our opinion: | |
the Consolidated Financial Statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Group as at 31 December 2014 and of its result and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union (IFRS as adopted by the EU) and with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code; and the N.V. Company Accounts give a true and fair view of the financial position of Unilever N.V. as at 31 December 2014, and of its result for 2014 in accordance with United Kingdom accounting standards and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code.
Basis for our opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Dutch law, including the Dutch Standards on Auditing. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors responsibilities section of our report.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. |
the Consolidated Financial Statements and the PLC Company Accounts give a true and fair view of the state of the Groups and of Unilever PLCs affairs as at 31 December 2014 and of the Groups profit for the year then ended; the Consolidated Financial Statements have been properly prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union (IFRS as adopted by the EU); the PLC Company Accounts have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Accounting Standards; and both the Consolidated Financial Statements and the PLC Company Accounts have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 and, as regards the Consolidated Financial Statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation.
Separate opinion in relation to IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) As explained in the accounting policies set out in the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Group, in addition to complying with its legal obligation to apply IFRS as adopted by the EU, has also applied IFRS as issued by the IASB. In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements comply with IFRS as issued by the IASB.
|
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 79 |
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORTS
CONTINUED
2 OUR ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT |
In arriving at our audit opinion above on the Financial Statements the risks of material misstatement that had the greatest effect on our audit (key audit matters) were as set out below.
These are the matters that, in our professional judgment, had the greatest effect on: the overall audit strategy; the allocation of resources in our audit; and directing the efforts of the engagement team. We have communicated these matters to the Audit Committee. Our audit procedures relating to these matters were designed in the context and solely for the purposes of our audit of the Financial Statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not express discrete opinions on these matters.
Revenue recognition The risk Revenue is measured taking account of discounts, incentives and rebates earned by customers on the Groups sales. Due to the multitude and variety of contractual terms across the Groups markets, the estimation of discounts, incentives and rebates recognised based on sales made during the year is considered to be complex.
Revenue is recognised when the risks and rewards of the underlying products have been transferred to the customer. There is a risk that revenue may be overstated because of fraud resulting from the pressure local management may feel to achieve performance targets. The Group focuses on revenue as a key performance measure which could create an incentive for revenue to be recognised before the risks and rewards have been transferred.
Our response Our audit procedures included considering the appropriateness of the Groups revenue recognition accounting policies including those relating to discounts, incentives and rebates and assessing compliance with the policies in terms of applicable accounting standards. We tested the effectiveness of the Groups controls over calculation of discounts, incentives and rebates and correct timing of revenue recognition.
We assessed sales transactions taking place at either side of the balance sheet date as well as credit notes issued after the year end date to assess whether that revenue was recognised in the correct period. We also developed an expectation of the current year revenue balance based on trend analysis information taking into account historical weekly sales and returns information and our understanding of each market. We then compared this expectation to actual results.
We also considered the adequacy of the Groups disclosures (in note 2) in respect of revenue.
Indirect tax provisions and contingencies The risk Provisions for indirect tax require the Directors to make judgments and estimates in relation to the issues and exposures. In Brazil (one of the Groups largest markets) the complex nature of the local tax regulations and jurisprudence make this a particular area of significant judgment.
Our response Our procedures included using our own indirect tax and legal specialists to consider the level of provisions required in light of the nature of the Groups exposures, applicable regulations and the Groups correspondence with the authorities. We also assessed relevant historical and recent judgments passed by the court authorities in considering any legal precedent or case law, as well as assessing legal opinions from third party lawyers. We also gained an understanding of the Groups provisioning methodology and challenged assumptions using the knowledge and experience of our own specialists. In addition, we obtained formal confirmations from the Groups external counsel, where appropriate.
We also considered the adequacy of the Groups disclosures (in note 19) made in relation to indirect tax provisions and contingencies.
Direct tax provisions and contingencies The risk The Group has extensive international operations and in the normal course of business the Directors make judgments and estimates in relation to tax issues and exposures. This is a key judgment due to the Group operating in a number of tax jurisdictions, the complexities of transfer pricing and other tax legislation.
Our response Our audit procedures included testing the effectiveness of the Groups controls around the recording and continuous re-assessment of tax provisions.
Our own tax specialists performed an assessment of the Groups correspondence with relevant tax authorities, to consider the completeness of tax provisions for all relevant risks. We also challenged the assumptions used, taking into consideration our own tax specialists knowledge and experience. In addition, we assessed relevant judgments passed by relevant authorities in considering any need for a provision, as well as assessing relevant opinions from third parties.
We also considered the adequacy of the Groups disclosures (in note 20) in respect of tax and uncertain tax positions.
For each risk noted above refer to related disclosure within the Report of the Audit Committee (page 56), accounting policies and financial disclosures within the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
|
80 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
3 OUR APPLICATION OF MATERIALITY AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE SCOPE OF OUR AUDIT |
Materiality Based on our professional judgment the materiality for the Consolidated Financial Statements as a whole was set at 350 million, determined with reference to a benchmark of Group profit before taxation (of which it represents 4.6%). We also take misstatements into account that are in our opinion material for qualitative reasons.
We agreed with the Audit Committee to report to it any corrected and uncorrected identified misstatements exceeding 25 million in addition to other identified misstatements that warranted reporting on qualitative grounds.
Scope of our audit The Group operates through a significant number of legal entities, each of which is a reporting component. We performed audits for Group reporting purposes of 13 components, as well as audits of revenue and the related accounts receivable balances at a further 5 components. The latter were not individually financially significant enough to require an audit for Group reporting purposes but were included in the scope of our Group reporting work in order to provide further coverage over the Groups revenue.
The Group has 5 centralised operating centres that perform accounting and reporting activities alongside related controls. Together these operating centres process a substantial portion of the Groups transactions. The outputs from the centralised operating centres are included in the financial information of the component entities they service and therefore they are not separate reporting components. Each of the operating centres is subject to specified audit procedures. Further audit procedures are performed at each reporting component to cover matters not covered at the centralised operating centres. Together this results in audits for Group reporting purposes on those reporting components.
The percentages of the Groups Revenue, Profit before Taxation and Total Assets represented by the components within the scope of our work and procedures performed at corporate level are as follows:
The remaining 37% of Group Revenue and 30% of Group Profit before Taxation is represented by a significant number of out-of-scope reporting components, none of which individually represents more than 2% of Group Revenue and/or Group Profit before Taxation. A substantial portion of these out-of-scope components utilise the five operating centres and are therefore subject to audit procedures performed at these operating centres. In addition, for these out-of-scope components, we performed analysis (focusing specifically on revenue and operating margins) at the aggregated Group level to re-examine our assessment that there are no significant risks of material misstatement within these components.
For the in-scope components the Group audit team instructed component auditors as to the significant areas to be covered, including the significant risks detailed above and the information to be reported back. The Group audit team approved component materiality levels, which ranged from 5 million to 275 million, having regard to the mix of size and risk profile of the Group across the components. The work on all components was performed by component auditors.
The Group audit team visited component locations in the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, India, Indonesia, Switzerland, Brazil, South Africa, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Singapore, China, Mexico and Argentina. Telephone and/or online meetings were also held with the auditors of these components and the majority of all other components. The findings reported to the Group audit team were discussed in more detail with component auditors, and any further work required by the Group audit team was then performed by the component auditor.
|
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 81 |
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORTS
CONTINUED
4 OTHER REPORTING | ||
Our report on the Report of the Directors and the other information is unmodified Pursuant to the legal requirement under Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code: We have no deficiencies to report as a result of our examination whether the Report of the Directors, to the extent we can assess, has been prepared in accordance with Part 9 of Book 2 of this Code, and whether the information as required under Part 9 of Book 2 has been annexed; and Further we report that the Report of the Directors, to the extent we can assess, is consistent with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the N.V. Company Accounts as required by Article 2:391 sub 4 of the Netherlands Civil Code.
Engagement We have been engaged by the General Meeting at 14 May 2014 as auditor of Unilever N.V. since the audit of year 2014 and we are the statutory auditor since that date up until today.
Independence We are independent of the Unilever Group in accordance with the Verordening inzake de onafhankelijkheid van accountants bij assurance-opdrachten (ViO) and other relevant independence regulations in the Netherlands. Furthermore we have complied with the Verordening gedrags- en beroepsregels accountants (VGBA). |
Our opinion on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006 is unmodified In our opinion: the part of the Directors Remuneration Report to be audited has been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 2006; and the information given in the Strategic Report and the Directors Report for the financial year for which the Financial Statements are prepared is consistent with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the PLC Company Accounts.
We have nothing to report in respect of the matters on which we are required to report by exception Under ISAs (UK and Ireland) we are required to report to you if, based on the knowledge we acquired during our audit, we have identified other information in the annual report that contains a material inconsistency with either that knowledge or the Consolidated Financial Statements and/or the PLC Company Accounts, a material misstatement of fact, or that is otherwise misleading.
In particular, we are required to report to you if: we have identified material inconsistencies between the knowledge we acquired during our audit and the Directors statement that they consider that the Annual Report and Financial Statements taken as a whole is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the Groups performance, business model and strategy; or the Report of the Audit Committee does not appropriately address matters communicated by us to the Audit Committee.
Under the Companies Act 2006 we are required to report to you if, in our opinion: adequate accounting records have not been kept by Unilever PLC, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or the PLC Company Accounts and the part of the Directors Remuneration Report to be audited are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or certain disclosures of Directors remuneration specified by law are not made; or we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.
Under the Listing Rules we are required to review: the Directors statement, set out on page 78, in relation to going concern; and the part of the Corporate Governance Statement on pages 46 to 48 relating to the companys compliance with the ten provisions of the 2012 UK Corporate Governance Code specified for our review.
We have nothing to report in respect of the above responsibilities.
|
82 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES | ||
Directors and Audit Committees responsibilities The Directors are responsible for: the preparation and fair presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the EU and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code, and for the preparation of the Report of the Directors in accordance with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code; the preparation and fair presentation of the N.V. Company Accounts in accordance with United Kingdom accounting standards and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code; and such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of the Financial Statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the Financial Statements, the Directors are responsible for assessing the Groups and Unilever N.V.s ability to continue as a going concern. Based on the financial reporting frameworks mentioned, the Directors should prepare the Consolidated Financial Statements and N.V. Company Accounts using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Directors either intend to liquidate the Group and/or Unilever N.V. or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so. The Directors should disclose in the Financial Statements events and circumstances that may cast significant doubt on the Groups and/or Unilever N.V.s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the Groups financial reporting process.
Auditors responsibilities Our responsibilities are set out on page 136, which are incorporated into this report as if set out in full and should be read to provide an understanding of the work we have undertaken.
|
Directors responsibilities As explained more fully in the Directors Responsibilities Statement (set out on page 78), the Directors are responsible for the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the PLC Company Accounts and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view.
Scope of an audit of financial statements A description of the scope of an audit of financial statements is provided on the Financial Reporting Councils website at www.frc.org.uk/auditscopeukprivate.
This report is made solely to the Companys members as a body and is subject to important explanations and disclaimers regarding our responsibilities which can be accessed on our website via www.kpmg.com/uk/auditscopeukco2014b, and are incorporated into this report as if set out in full and should be read to provide an understanding of the purpose of this report, the work we have undertaken and the basis of our opinions. | |
SIGNING | ||
Eric van Leeuwen (External auditor) KPMG Accountants N.V. Amsterdam 3 March 2015 |
Paul Korolkiewicz (Senior Statutory Auditor) for and on behalf of KPMG LLP Chartered Accountants and Statutory Auditor London 3 March 2015
|
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 83 |
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP
for the year ended 31 December
(a) | Includes fair value gains/(losses) on net investment hedges and exchange differences in net investments in foreign operations of 412 million (2013: (275) million; 2012: (160) million). |
84 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
million | million | million | million | million | million | million | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated statement of changes in equity | Called up share capital |
Share premium account |
Other reserves |
Retained profit |
Total | Non- controlling interests |
Total equity |
|||||||||||||||||||||
31 December 2011 |
484 | 137 | (6,004 | ) | 19,874 | 14,491 | 628 | 15,119 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Profit or loss for the period |
| | | 4,368 | 4,368 | 468 | 4,836 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income net of tax |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains/(losses) on financial instruments |
| | (125 | ) | | (125 | ) | | (125 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Remeasurement of defined benefit pension plans net of tax |
| | | (497 | ) | (497 | ) | | (497 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) |
| | (249 | ) | (43 | ) | (292 | ) | (24 | ) | (316 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income |
| | (374 | ) | 3,828 | 3,454 | 444 | 3,898 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends on ordinary capital |
| | | (2,696 | ) | (2,696 | ) | | (2,696 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Movements in treasury stock(a) |
| | 182 | (130 | ) | 52 | | 52 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based payment credit(b) |
| | | 153 | 153 | | 153 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests |
| | | | | (464 | ) | (464 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) net of tax |
| 3 | (1 | ) | | 2 | (4 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Other movements in equity |
| | 1 | (65 | ) | (64 | ) | (47 | ) | (111 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
31 December 2012 |
484 | 140 | (6,196 | ) | 20,964 | 15,392 | 557 | 15,949 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Profit or loss for the period |
| | | 4,842 | 4,842 | 421 | 5,263 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income net of tax |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains/(losses) on financial instruments |
| | 106 | | 106 | | 106 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Remeasurement of defined benefit pension plans net of tax |
| | | 697 | 697 | | 697 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) |
| | (788 | ) | (129 | ) | (917 | ) | (82 | ) | (999 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income |
| | (682 | ) | 5,410 | 4,728 | 339 | 5,067 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends on ordinary capital |
| | | (2,981 | ) | (2,981 | ) | | (2,981 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Movements in treasury stock(a) |
| | 112 | (83 | ) | 29 | | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based payment credit(b) |
| | | 242 | 242 | | 242 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests |
| | | | | (307 | ) | (307 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) net of tax |
| (5 | ) | | | (5 | ) | (5 | ) | (10 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Other movements in equity(c) |
| 3 | 20 | (3,084 | ) | (3,061 | ) | (113 | ) | (3,174 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
31 December 2013 |
484 | 138 | (6,746 | ) | 20,468 | 14,344 | 471 | 14,815 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Profit or loss for the period |
| | | 5,171 | 5,171 | 344 | 5,515 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income net of tax |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains/(losses) on financial instruments |
| | (85 | ) | | (85 | ) | | (85 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Remeasurement of defined benefit pension plans net of tax |
| | | (1,253 | ) | (1,253 | ) | 3 | (1,250 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) |
| | (290 | ) | 208 | (82 | ) | 57 | (25 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income |
| | (375 | ) | 4,126 | 3,751 | 404 | 4,155 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends on ordinary capital |
| | | (3,196 | ) | (3,196 | ) | | (3,196 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Movements in treasury stock(a) |
| | (235 | ) | (217 | ) | (452 | ) | | (452 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Share-based payment credit(b) |
| | | 188 | 188 | | 188 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests |
| | | | | (342 | ) | (342 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) net of tax |
| 7 | | | 7 | (2 | ) | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other movements in equity(c) |
| | (182 | ) | (809 | ) | (991 | ) | 81 | (910 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
484 | 145 | (7,538 | ) | 20,560 | 13,651 | 612 | 14,263 |
(a) | Includes purchases and sales of treasury stock, and transfer from treasury stock to retained profit of share-settled schemes arising from prior years and differences between exercise and grant price of share options. |
(b) | The share-based payment credit relates to the non-cash charge recorded against operating profit in respect of the fair value of share options and awards granted to employees. |
(c) | 2014 includes the impact of the purchase of Estate shares (see note 24). 2013 includes the impact of the acquisition of non-controlling interests. |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 85 |
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
as at 31 December
Notes | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||||
Assets |
||||||||||
Non-current assets |
||||||||||
Goodwill |
9 | 14,642 | 13,917 | |||||||
Intangible assets |
9 | 7,532 | 6,987 | |||||||
Property, plant and equipment |
10 | 10,472 | 9,344 | |||||||
Pension asset for funded schemes in surplus |
4B | 376 | 991 | |||||||
Deferred tax assets |
6B | 1,286 | 1,084 | |||||||
Financial assets |
17A | 715 | 505 | |||||||
Other non-current assets |
11 | 657 | 563 | |||||||
35,680 | 33,391 | |||||||||
Current assets |
||||||||||
Inventories |
12 | 4,168 | 3,937 | |||||||
Trade and other current receivables |
13 | 5,029 | 4,831 | |||||||
Current tax assets |
281 | 217 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
17A | 2,151 | 2,285 | |||||||
Other financial assets |
17A | 671 | 760 | |||||||
Non-current assets held for sale |
22 | 47 | 92 | |||||||
12,347 | 12,122 | |||||||||
Total assets |
48,027 | 45,513 | ||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||||
Current liabilities |
||||||||||
Financial liabilities |
15C | 5,536 | 4,010 | |||||||
Trade payables and other current liabilities |
14 | 12,606 | 11,735 | |||||||
Current tax liabilities |
1,081 | 1,254 | ||||||||
Provisions |
19 | 418 | 379 | |||||||
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale |
22 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
19,642 | 17,382 | |||||||||
Non-current liabilities |
||||||||||
Financial liabilities |
15C | 7,186 | 7,491 | |||||||
Non-current tax liabilities |
161 | 145 | ||||||||
Pensions and post-retirement healthcare liabilities: |
||||||||||
Funded schemes in deficit |
4B | 2,222 | 1,405 | |||||||
Unfunded schemes |
4B | 1,725 | 1,563 | |||||||
Provisions |
19 | 916 | 892 | |||||||
Deferred tax liabilities |
6B | 1,534 | 1,524 | |||||||
Other non-current liabilities |
14 | 378 | 296 | |||||||
14,122 | 13,316 | |||||||||
Total liabilities |
33,764 | 30,698 | ||||||||
Equity |
||||||||||
Shareholders equity |
||||||||||
Called up share capital |
15A | 484 | 484 | |||||||
Share premium account |
145 | 138 | ||||||||
Other reserves |
15B | (7,538 | ) | (6,746 | ) | |||||
Retained profit |
20,560 | 20,468 | ||||||||
Shareholders equity |
13,651 | 14,344 | ||||||||
Non-controlling interests |
612 | 471 | ||||||||
Total equity |
14,263 | 14,815 | ||||||||
Total liabilities and equity |
48,027 | 45,513 |
These financial statements have been approved by the Directors.
The Board of Directors
3 March 2015
86 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT
for the year ended 31 December
Notes | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||||
Net profit |
5,515 | 5,263 | 4,836 | |||||||||||
Taxation |
2,131 | 1,851 | 1,697 | |||||||||||
Share of net profit of joint ventures/associates and other income/(loss) from non-current investments |
(143 | ) | (127 | ) | (91 | ) | ||||||||
Net finance costs |
5 | 477 | 530 | 535 | ||||||||||
Operating profit |
7,980 | 7,517 | 6,977 | |||||||||||
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment |
1,432 | 1,151 | 1,199 | |||||||||||
Changes in working capital: |
8 | 200 | 822 | |||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
Inventories |
(47 | ) | 168 | (9 | ) | |||||||||
Trade and other receivables |
82 | (917 | ) | 1 | ||||||||||
Trade payables and other liabilities |
(27 | ) | 949 | 830 | ||||||||||
Pensions and similar obligations less payments |
(364 | ) | (383 | ) | (369 | ) | ||||||||
Provisions less payments |
32 | 126 | (43 | ) | ||||||||||
Elimination of (profits)/losses on disposals |
(1,460 | ) | (725 | ) | (236 | ) | ||||||||
Non-cash charge for share-based compensation |
188 | 228 | 153 | |||||||||||
Other adjustments |
38 | (15 | ) | 13 | ||||||||||
Cash flow from operating activities |
7,854 | 8,099 | 8,516 | |||||||||||
Income tax paid |
(2,311 | ) | (1,805 | ) | (1,680 | ) | ||||||||
Net cash flow from operating activities |
5,543 | 6,294 | 6,836 | |||||||||||
Interest received |
123 | 100 | 146 | |||||||||||
Purchase of intangible assets |
(359 | ) | (377 | ) | (405 | ) | ||||||||
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |
(1,893 | ) | (1,791 | ) | (1,975 | ) | ||||||||
Disposal of property, plant and equipment |
207 | 141 | 237 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of group companies, joint ventures and associates |
(313 | ) | (142 | ) | (133 | ) | ||||||||
Disposal of group companies, joint ventures and associates |
1,741 | 1,053 | 246 | |||||||||||
Acquisition of other non-current investments |
(82 | ) | (273 | ) | (91 | ) | ||||||||
Disposal of other non-current investments |
69 | 302 | 88 | |||||||||||
Dividends from joint ventures, associates and other non-current investments |
162 | 136 | 128 | |||||||||||
(Purchase)/sale of financial assets |
4 | (310 | ) | 1,004 | ||||||||||
Net cash flow (used in)/from investing activities |
(341 | ) | (1,161 | ) | (755 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends paid on ordinary share capital |
(3,189 | ) | (2,993 | ) | (2,699 | ) | ||||||||
Interest and preference dividends paid |
(521 | ) | (511 | ) | (506 | ) | ||||||||
Acquisition of non-controlling interests |
| (2,901 | ) | | ||||||||||
Purchase of Estate shares |
24 | (880 | ) | | | |||||||||
Net change in short-term borrowings |
338 | 350 | (870 | ) | ||||||||||
Additional financial liabilities |
5,174 | 4,219 | 1,441 | |||||||||||
Repayment of financial liabilities |
(5,305 | ) | (3,294 | ) | (3,565 | ) | ||||||||
Capital element of finance lease rental payments |
(16 | ) | (11 | ) | (15 | ) | ||||||||
Other movements on treasury stock |
(467 | ) | 24 | 48 | ||||||||||
Other financing activities |
(324 | ) | (273 | ) | (456 | ) | ||||||||
Net cash flow (used in)/from financing activities |
(5,190 | ) | (5,390 | ) | (6,622 | ) | ||||||||
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
12 | (257 | ) | (541 | ) | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year |
2,044 | 2,217 | 2,978 | |||||||||||
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes |
(146 | ) | 84 | (220 | ) | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year |
17A | 1,910 | 2,044 | 2,217 |
The cash flows of pension funds (other than contributions and other direct payments made by the Group in respect of pensions and similar obligations) are not included in the Group cash flow statement.
Acquisition of non-controlling interests in 2013 includes various transactions to acquire non-controlling interests, primarily an outflow of 2,515 million to increase the Groups ownership of Hindustan Unilever Limited from 52% to 67%. Refer to note 15B.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 87 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP
88 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 89 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
SEGMENTAL REPORTING | ||||
Personal Care | | including sales of skin care and hair care products, deodorants and oral care products. | ||
Foods | | including sales of soups, bouillons, sauces, snacks, mayonnaise, salad dressings, margarines and spreads. | ||
Refreshment | | including sales of ice cream, tea-based beverages and weight-management products. | ||
Home Care | | including sales of home care products, such as powders, liquids and capsules, soap bars and a wide range of cleaning products. | ||
REVENUE RECOGNITION Turnover comprises sales of goods after the deduction of discounts, sales taxes and estimated returns. It does not include sales between group companies. Discounts given by Unilever include rebates, price reductions and incentives given to customers, promotional couponing and trade communication costs.
Turnover is recognised when the risks and rewards of the underlying products have been substantially transferred to the customer. Depending on individual customer terms, this can be at the time of dispatch, delivery or upon formal customer acceptance.
CORE OPERATING PROFIT Core operating profit represents our measure of segment profit or loss as it is the primary measure used for the purpose of making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of segments. Core operating margin is calculated as core operating profit divided by turnover. |
million | million | million | million | million | ||||||||||||||||||||
Notes | Personal Care |
Foods | Refresh- ment |
Home Care | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
17,739 | 12,361 | 9,172 | 9,164 | 48,436 | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating profit |
3,259 | 3,607 | 538 | 576 | 7,980 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-core items |
3 | 66 | (1,302 | ) | 273 | 3 | (960 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Core operating profit |
3,325 | 2,305 | 811 | 579 | 7,020 | |||||||||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
(1 | ) | 3 | 96 | | 98 | ||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortisation |
307 | 257 | 371 | 192 | 1,127 | |||||||||||||||||||
Impairment and other non-cash charges(a) (b) |
198 | 122 | 393 | 100 | 813 | |||||||||||||||||||
2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
18,056 | 13,426 | 9,369 | 8,946 | 49,797 | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating profit |
3,078 | 3,064 | 851 | 524 | 7,517 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-core items |
3 | 128 | (687 | ) | 5 | 53 | (501 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Core operating profit |
3,206 | 2,377 | 856 | 577 | 7,016 | |||||||||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
5 | 9 | 96 | 3 | 113 | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortisation |
327 | 293 | 330 | 201 | 1,151 | |||||||||||||||||||
Impairment and other non-cash charges(b) |
267 | 139 | 97 | 179 | 682 | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
18,097 | 14,444 | 9,726 | 9,057 | 51,324 | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating profit |
2,925 | 2,601 | 908 | 543 | 6,977 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-core items |
3 | 160 | (73 | ) | | (14 | ) | 73 | ||||||||||||||||
Core operating profit |
3,085 | 2,528 | 908 | 529 | 7,050 | |||||||||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
1 | 5 | 99 | | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortisation |
336 | 311 | 340 | 212 | 1,199 | |||||||||||||||||||
Impairment and other non-cash charges(b) |
189 | 141 | 106 | 128 | 564 |
(a) | See note 3 for further information. |
(b) | Other non-cash charges include charges to the income statement during the year in respect of the share-based compensation and provisions. |
Transactions between the Unilever Groups reportable segments are immaterial and are carried out on an arms length basis. The Unilever Group is not reliant on revenues from transactions with any single external customer and does not receive 10% or more of its revenues from transactions with any single external customer.
90 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
2. SEGMENT INFORMATION CONTINUED
Segment assets and liabilities are not provided because they are not received or reviewed by our chief operating decision-maker, which is the Unilever Leadership Executive (ULE) as explained in the Corporate Governance section.
The home countries of the Unilever Group are the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Turnover and non-current assets for these two countries combined, United States (being the largest country outside the home countries) and all other countries are:
million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||
2014 | Netherlands/ United Kingdom |
United States |
Others | Total | ||||||||||||
Turnover |
3,851 | 6,684 | 37,901 | 48,436 | ||||||||||||
Non-current assets(c) |
3,921 | 7,668 | 21,714 | 33,303 | ||||||||||||
2013 |
||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
3,872 | 7,084 | 38,841 | 49,797 | ||||||||||||
Non-current assets(c) |
3,390 | 7,626 | 19,794 | 30,810 | ||||||||||||
2012 |
||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
3,980 | 7,834 | 39,510 | 51,324 | ||||||||||||
Non-current assets(c) |
3,353 | 8,670 | 19,676 | 31,699 | ||||||||||||
(c) Non-current assets excluding financial assets, deferred tax assets and pension assets for funded schemes in surplus.
No other country had turnover or non-current assets (as shown above) greater than 10% of the Group total.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BY GEOGRAPHIES Although the Groups operations are managed by product area, we provide additional information based on geographies. The analysis of turnover by geographical area is stated on the basis of origin. Sales between geographical areas are carried out at arms length and were not material.
|
| |||||||||||||||
million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||
|
Asia/ AMET/RUB |
(d) |
|
The Americas |
|
Europe | Total | |||||||||
2014 |
||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
19,703 | 15,514 | 13,219 | 48,436 | ||||||||||||
Operating profit |
2,626 | 3,233 | 2,121 | 7,980 | ||||||||||||
Non-core items |
(15 | ) | (959 | ) | 14 | (960 | ) | |||||||||
Core operating profit |
2,611 | 2,274 | 2,135 | 7,020 | ||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
| 68 | 30 | 98 | ||||||||||||
2013 |
||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
20,085 | 16,206 | 13,506 | 49,797 | ||||||||||||
Operating profit |
2,765 | 2,859 | 1,893 | 7,517 | ||||||||||||
Non-core items |
(85 | ) | (542 | ) | 126 | (501 | ) | |||||||||
Core operating profit |
2,680 | 2,317 | 2,019 | 7,016 | ||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
(1 | ) | 63 | 51 | 113 | |||||||||||
2012 |
||||||||||||||||
Turnover |
20,357 | 17,088 | 13,879 | 51,324 | ||||||||||||
Operating profit |
2,637 | 2,432 | 1,908 | 6,977 | ||||||||||||
Non-core items |
30 | (13 | ) | 56 | 73 | |||||||||||
Core operating profit |
2,667 | 2,419 | 1,964 | 7,050 | ||||||||||||
Share of net profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates |
(2 | ) | 68 | 39 | 105 |
(d) | Refers to Asia, Africa, Middle East, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 91 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
3. GROSS PROFIT AND OPERATING COSTS
RESEARCH AND MARKET SUPPORT COSTS
Expenditure on research and market support, such as advertising, is charged to the income statement as incurred.
NON-CORE ITEMS
Disclosed on the face of the income statement are costs and revenues relating to business disposals, acquisition and disposal related costs, impairments and other one-off items, which we collectively term non-core items due to their nature and frequency of occurrence. These items are material in terms of nature and/or amount and are relevant to an understanding of our financial performance.
Business disposals generate both gains and losses which are not reflective of underlying performance. Acquisition and disposal related costs are charges directly attributable to the acquisition or disposal of group companies.
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||
2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||
Turnover |
48,436 | 49,797 | 51,324 | |||||||||||||
Cost of sales(a) |
(28,387 | ) | (29,065 | ) | (30,530 | ) | ||||||||||
of which: Distribution costs |
(3,079 | ) | (3,139 | ) | (3,264 | ) | ||||||||||
Gross profit(a) |
20,049 | 20,732 | 20,794 | |||||||||||||
Selling and administrative expenses(a) |
(12,069 | ) | (13,215 | ) | (13,817 | ) | ||||||||||
of which: Brand and Marketing Investment(a) |
(7,166 | ) | (7,383 | ) | (7,311 | ) | ||||||||||
Research and Development |
(955 | ) | (1,040 | ) | (1,003 | ) | ||||||||||
Operating profit |
7,980 | 7,517 | 6,977 | |||||||||||||
(a) Advertising and Promotions are renamed to Brand and Marketing Investment (BMI) after moving sales equipment costs from cost of sales to BMI and moving cost of merchandisers and consumer engagement centres from Overheads to BMI.
NON-CORE ITEMS Non-core items are disclosed on the face of the income statement to provide additional information to users to help them better understand underlying business performance.
|
| |||||||||||||||
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||
2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition and disposal related costs |
(97 | ) | (112 | ) | (190 | ) | ||||||||||
Gain/(loss) on disposal of group companies |
1,392 | 733 | 117 | |||||||||||||
Impairments and other one-off items(b) |
(335 | ) | (120 | ) | | |||||||||||
Non-core items before tax |
960 | 501 | (73 | ) | ||||||||||||
Tax impact of non-core items |
(423 | ) | (266 | ) | (14 | ) | ||||||||||
Non-core items after tax |
537 | 235 | (87 | ) | ||||||||||||
Attributable to: |
||||||||||||||||
Non-controlling interests |
| | | |||||||||||||
Shareholders equity |
537 | 235 | (87 | ) | ||||||||||||
(b) 2014 includes an impairment charge of 305 million on assets related to the SlimFast business. These assets were subsequently sold (see note 21). 2014 includes 30 million charge for legal cases pertaining to a number of investigations by local competition regulators (2013: 120 million).
OTHER Other significant cost items by nature within operating costs include:
|
| |||||||||||||||
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||
Notes | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
Staff costs |
4A | (6,054 | ) | (6,194 | ) | (6,303 | ) | |||||||||
Raw and packaging materials and goods purchased for resale |
(19,816 | ) | (20,149 | ) | (20,998 | ) | ||||||||||
Amortisation of finite-life intangible assets and software |
9 | (180 | ) | (167 | ) | (213 | ) | |||||||||
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |
10 | (947 | ) | (984 | ) | (986 | ) | |||||||||
Exchange gains/(losses): |
12 | (35 | ) | (118 | ) | |||||||||||
On underlying transactions |
15 | (48 | ) | (96 | ) | |||||||||||
On covering forward contracts |
(3 | ) | 13 | (22 | ) | |||||||||||
Lease rentals: |
(535 | ) | (489 | ) | (558 | ) | ||||||||||
Minimum operating lease payments |
(544 | ) | (523 | ) | (558 | ) | ||||||||||
Contingent operating lease payments |
| (5 | ) | (8 | ) | |||||||||||
Less: Sub-lease income relating to operating lease agreements |
9 | 39 | 8 | |||||||||||||
92 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
4A. STAFF AND MANAGEMENT COSTS
Staff costs | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Wages and salaries |
(4,992 | ) | (5,002 | ) | (5,133 | ) | ||||||
Social security costs |
(586 | ) | (631 | ) | (659 | ) | ||||||
Other pension costs |
(288 | ) | (333 | ) | (358 | ) | ||||||
Share-based compensation costs |
(188 | ) | (228 | ) | (153 | ) | ||||||
(6,054 | ) | (6,194 | ) | (6,303 | ) | |||||||
Average number of employees during the year | 000 2014 |
000 2013 |
000 2012 |
|||||||||
Asia/AMET/RUB |
99 | 97 | 94 | |||||||||
The Americas |
42 | 43 | 43 | |||||||||
Europe |
32 | 34 | 35 | |||||||||
173 | 174 | 172 | ||||||||||
Key management compensation | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Salaries and short-term employee benefits |
(28 | ) | (30 | ) | (28 | ) | ||||||
Non-Executive Directors fees |
(2 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||
Post-employment benefits |
(1 | ) | (1 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||
Share-based benefits |
(19 | ) | (17 | ) | (10 | ) | ||||||
(50 | ) | (50 | ) | (42 | ) | |||||||
Of which: |
||||||||||||
Executive Directors |
(15 | ) | (15 | ) | (12 | ) | ||||||
Non-Executive Directors |
(2 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||
Other(a) |
(33 | ) | (33 | ) | (28 | ) | ||||||
(50 | ) | (50 | ) | (42 | ) |
(a) | Other includes all members of the Unilever Leadership Executive other than Executive Directors. |
Key management personnel are defined as the members of the Unilever Leadership Executive (ULE) and the Non-Executive Directors.
Details of the remuneration of Directors are given in the parts noted as audited in the Directors Remuneration Report on pages 62 to 77.
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS
For defined benefit plans, operating and finance costs are recognised separately in the income statement. The amount charged to operating cost in the income statement is the cost of accruing pension benefits promised to employees over the year, plus the costs of individual events such as past service benefit changes, settlements and curtailments (such events are recognised immediately in the income statement). The amount charged or credited to finance costs is a net interest expense calculated by applying the liability discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. Any differences between the expected interest on assets and the return actually achieved, and any changes in the liabilities over the year due to changes in assumptions or experience within the plans, are recognised immediately in the statement of comprehensive income.
The defined benefit plan surplus or deficit on the balance sheet comprises the total for each plan of the fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit liabilities (using a discount rate based on high quality corporate bonds, or a suitable alternative where there is no active corporate bond market).
All defined benefit plans are subject to regular actuarial review using the projected unit method, either by external consultants or by actuaries employed by Unilever. The Group policy is that the most important plans, representing approximately 84% of the defined benefit liabilities, are formally valued every year. Other major plans, accounting for a further 13% of the liabilities, have their liabilities updated each year. Group policy for the remaining plans requires a full actuarial valuation at least every three years. Asset values for all plans are updated every year.
For defined contribution plans, the charges to the income statement are the company contributions payable, as the companys obligation is limited to the contributions paid into the plans. The assets and liabilities of such plans are not included in the balance sheet of the Group.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 93 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS CONTINUED
DESCRIPTION OF PLANS
The Group increasingly operates a number of defined contribution plans, the assets of which are held in external funds. In certain countries the Group operates defined benefit pension plans based on employee pensionable remuneration and length of service. The majority of defined benefit plans are either career average, final salary or hybrid plans and operate on a funded basis. Benefits are determined by the plan rules and are linked to inflation in some countries. The Group also provides other post-employment benefits, mainly post-employment healthcare plans in the United States. These plans are predominantly unfunded.
GOVERNANCE
The majority of the Groups externally funded plans are established as trusts, foundations or similar entities. The operation of these entities is governed by local regulations and practice in each country, as is the nature of the relationship between the Group and the Trustees (or equivalent) and their composition. Where Trustees (or equivalent) are in place to operate plans, they are generally required to act on behalf of the plans stakeholders. They are tasked with periodic reviews of the solvency of the fund in accordance with local legislation and play a role in the long-term investment and funding strategy. The Group also has an internal body, the Pensions and Equity Committee, that is responsible for setting the companys policies and decision making on plan matters, including but not limited to design, funding, investments, risk management and governance.
INVESTMENT STRATEGY
The Groups investment strategy in respect of its funded plans is implemented within the framework of the various statutory requirements of the territories where the plans are based. The Group has developed policy guidelines for the allocation of assets to different classes with the objective of controlling risk and maintaining the right balance between risk and long-term returns in order to limit the cost to the Group of the benefits provided. To achieve this, investments are well diversified, such that the failure of any single investment would not have a material impact on the overall level of assets. The plans continue to invest a good proportion of the assets in equities, which the Group believes offer the best returns over the long term commensurate with an acceptable level of risk. The plans expose the Group to a number of actuarial risks such as investment risk, interest rate risk, longevity risk and, in certain markets, inflation risk. There are no unusual entity or plan specific risks to the Group. For risk control, the pension funds also have significant investments in liability matching assets (bonds) as well as in property and other alternative assets; additionally, the Group uses derivatives to further mitigate the impact of the risks outlined above. The majority of assets are managed by a number of external fund managers with a small proportion managed in-house. Unilever has a pooled investment vehicle (Univest) which it believes offers its pension plans around the world a simplified externally managed investment vehicle to implement their strategic asset allocation models, currently for bonds, equities and alternative assets. The aim is to provide high quality, well diversified, cost-effective, risk-controlled vehicles. The pension plans investments are overseen by Unilevers internal investment company, the Univest Company.
ASSUMPTIONS
With the objective of presenting the assets and liabilities of the pensions and other post-employment benefit plans at their fair value on the balance sheet, assumptions under IAS 19 are set by reference to market conditions at the valuation date. The actuarial assumptions used to calculate the benefit liabilities vary according to the country in which the plan is situated. The following table shows the assumptions, weighted by liabilities, used to value the principal defined benefit plans (which cover approximately 97% of total pension liabilities) and the plans providing other post-employment benefits.
31 December 2014 | 31 December 2013 | |||||||
Principal defined benefit |
Other post-employment benefit plans |
Principal defined benefit pension plans |
Other post-employment benefit plans | |||||
Discount rate |
3.1% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 5.2% | ||||
Inflation |
2.4% | n/a | 2.6% | n/a | ||||
Rate of increase in salaries |
2.8% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 3.1% | ||||
Rate of increase for pensions in payment (where provided) |
2.2% | n/a | 2.5% | n/a | ||||
Rate of increase for pensions in deferment (where provided) |
2.5% | n/a | 2.8% | n/a | ||||
Long-term medical cost inflation |
n/a | 5.4% | n/a | 5.4% |
The valuations of other post-employment benefit plans generally assume a higher initial level of medical cost inflation, which falls from 7% to the long-term rate within the next five years. Assumed healthcare cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for healthcare plans.
94 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS CONTINUED
For the most important pension plans, representing approximately 84% of all defined benefit plans liabilities, the assumptions used at 31 December 2014 and 2013 were:
United Kingdom | Netherlands | United States | Germany | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discount rate |
3.5 | % | 4.5 | % | 1.9 | % | 3.5 | % | 3.8 | % | 4.7 | % | 1.9 | % | 3.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Inflation |
2.9 | % | 3.3 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.8 | % | 2.3 | % | 2.3 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Rate of increase in salaries |
2.9 | % | 3.6 | % | 2.2 | % | 2.3 | % | 3.0 | % | 3.0 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Rate of increase for pensions in payment (where provided) |
2.7 | % | 3.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.8 | % | | | 1.7 | % | 1.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Rate of increase for pensions in deferment (where provided) |
2.8 | % | 3.2 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.8 | % | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||
Number of years a current pensioner is expected to live beyond age 65: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Men |
22.4 | 22.3 | 21.6 | 22.0 | 21.6 | 20.5 | 19.4 | 19.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Women |
24.5 | 24.4 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.8 | 22.8 | 23.0 | 23.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of years a future pensioner currently aged 45 is expected to live beyond age 65: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Men |
23.6 | 23.6 | 23.8 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.6 | 19.4 | 19.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Women |
26.3 | 26.1 | 25.8 | 24.6 | 25.5 | 24.8 | 23.0 | 23.0 |
Demographic assumptions, such as mortality rates, are set having regard to the latest trends in life expectancy (including expectations of future improvements), plan experience and other relevant data. These assumptions are reviewed and updated as necessary as part of the periodic actuarial valuation of the pension plans. The years of life expectancy for 2014 above have been translated from the following tables:
| UK: the year of use S1 series all pensioners (S1PA) tables have been adopted, which are based on the experience of UK pension schemes over the period 2000-2006. Scaling factors are applied reflecting the experience of our pension funds appropriate to the members gender and status. Future improvements in longevity have been allowed for in line with the 2012 CMI core projections and a 1% pa long-term improvement rate. |
| The Netherlands: the Dutch Actuarial Societys AG Prognosetafel 2014 table is used with correction factors to allow for the typically longer life expectancy for fund members relative to the general population. This table has an in-built allowance for future improvements in longevity. |
| United States: the table RP-2014 with MP-2014 generational mortality improvement. This table has an in-built allowance for future improvements in longevity. |
| Germany: fund specific tables are used which broadly equate to the Heubeck 2005 generational table projected to 2030. |
Assumptions for the remaining defined benefit plans vary considerably, depending on the economic conditions of the countries where they are situated.
INCOME STATEMENT
The charge to the income statement comprises:
Notes | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||||||
Charged to operating profit: |
||||||||||||||||
Defined benefit pension and other benefit plans: |
||||||||||||||||
Current service cost |
(259 | ) | (301 | ) | (290 | ) | ||||||||||
Employee contributions |
16 | 18 | 18 | |||||||||||||
Special termination benefits |
(27 | ) | (18 | ) | (17 | ) | ||||||||||
Past service cost including (losses)/gains on curtailments |
87 | 89 | 47 | |||||||||||||
Settlements |
10 | | | |||||||||||||
Defined contribution plans |
(115 | ) | (121 | ) | (116 | ) | ||||||||||
Total operating cost |
4A | (288 | ) | (333 | ) | (358 | ) | |||||||||
Finance income/(cost) |
5 | (94 | ) | (133 | ) | (145 | ) | |||||||||
Net impact on the income statement (before tax) |
(382 | ) | (466 | ) | (503 | ) |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 95 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS CONTINUED
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Amounts recognised in the statement of comprehensive income on the remeasurement of the net defined benefit liability.
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
||||||||||
Return on plan assets excluding amounts included in net finance income/(cost) |
1,316 | 934 | 1,371 | |||||||||
Actuarial gains/(losses) arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
(28 | ) | (158 | ) | (148 | ) | ||||||
Actuarial gains/(losses) arising from changes in financial assumptions |
(3,076 | ) | 235 | (1,678 | ) | |||||||
Experience gains/(losses) arising on pension plan and other benefit plan liabilities |
78 | (69 | ) | (156 | ) | |||||||
Total of defined benefit costs recognised in other comprehensive income |
(1,710 | ) | 942 | (611 | ) |
BALANCE SHEET
The assets, liabilities and surplus/(deficit) position of the pension and other post-employment benefit plans at the balance sheet date were:
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
Pension plans |
Other post- employment benefit plans |
Pension plans |
Other post- employment benefit plans |
|||||||||||||
Fair value of assets |
20,466 | 18 | 18,313 | 6 | ||||||||||||
Present value of liabilities |
(23,439 | ) | (616 | ) | (19,758 | ) | (538 | ) | ||||||||
Net liabilities |
(2,973 | ) | (598 | ) | (1,445 | ) | (532 | ) | ||||||||
Pension liability net of assets |
(2,973 | ) | (598 | ) | (1,445 | ) | (532 | ) | ||||||||
Of which in respect of: |
||||||||||||||||
Funded plans in surplus: |
||||||||||||||||
Liabilities |
(7,069 | ) | | (6,068 | ) | | ||||||||||
Assets |
7,442 | 3 | 7,056 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Aggregate surplus |
373 | 3 | 988 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Pension asset net of liabilities |
373 | 3 | 988 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Funded plans in deficit: |
||||||||||||||||
Liabilities |
(15,223 | ) | (38 | ) | (12,649 | ) | (16 | ) | ||||||||
Assets |
13,024 | 15 | 11,257 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Pension liability net of assets |
(2,199 | ) | (23 | ) | (1,392 | ) | (13 | ) | ||||||||
Unfunded plans: |
||||||||||||||||
Pension liability |
(1,147 | ) | (578 | ) | (1,041 | ) | (522 | ) |
RECONCILIATION OF CHANGE IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Movements in assets and liabilities during the year:
million Assets 2014 |
million Assets 2013 |
million Liabilities 2014 |
million Liabilities 2013 |
million Total 2014 |
million Total 2013 |
|||||||||||||||||||
1 January |
18,319 | 17,673 | (20,296 | ) | (21,015 | ) | (1,977 | ) | (3,342 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Current service cost |
| | (259 | ) | (301 | ) | (259 | ) | (301 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Employee contributions |
16 | 18 | | | 16 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||
Special termination benefits |
| | (27 | ) | (18 | ) | (27 | ) | (18 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Past service costs including losses/(gains) on curtailments |
| | 87 | 89 | 87 | 89 | ||||||||||||||||||
Settlements |
(3 | ) | | 13 | | 10 | | |||||||||||||||||
Actual return on plan assets (excluding amounts in net finance income/charge) |
1,316 | 934 | | | 1,316 | 934 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest cost |
| | (874 | ) | (793 | ) | (874 | ) | (793 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Interest income |
780 | 660 | | | 780 | 660 | ||||||||||||||||||
Actuarial gain/(loss) arising from changes in demographic assumptions |
| | (28 | ) | (158 | ) | (28 | ) | (158 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Actuarial gain/(loss) arising from changes in financial assumptions |
| | (3,076 | ) | 235 | (3,076 | ) | 235 | ||||||||||||||||
Actuarial gain/(loss) arising from experience adjustments |
| | 78 | (69 | ) | 78 | (69 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Employer contributions |
537 | 593 | | | 537 | 593 | ||||||||||||||||||
Benefit payments |
(1,251 | ) | (1,196 | ) | 1,251 | 1,196 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of benefits(a) |
(3 | ) | 23 | (14 | ) | (23 | ) | (17 | ) | | ||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation |
773 | (386 | ) | (910 | ) | 561 | (137 | ) | 175 | |||||||||||||||
31 December |
20,484 | 18,319 | (24,055 | ) | (20,296 | ) | (3,571 | ) | (1,977 | ) |
(a) | Certain liabilities have been reclassified as employee benefit liabilities. |
96 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS CONTINUED
The actual return on plan assets during 2014 was 2,096 million, being the sum of 1,316 million and 780 million from the table above (2013: 1,594 million).
The duration of the principal defined benefit liabilities at 31 December 2014 is between 9 and 19 years (2013: 9 and 17 years). The liabilities are split between different categories of plan participants as follows:
| active members 19.6% (2013: 19.1%) |
| deferred members 23.1% (2013: 21%) |
| retired members 57.3% (2013: 59.9%) |
ASSETS
The fair value of plan assets at the end of the reporting period for our major and principal plans for each category are as follows:
million 31 December 2014 |
million 31 December 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
Pension plans |
Other post- employment benefit plans |
Pension plans |
Other post- employment benefit plans |
|||||||||||||
Total Assets |
20,466 | 18 | 18,313 | 6 | ||||||||||||
Equities Total |
8,336 | | 7,383 | | ||||||||||||
Europe |
2,957 | | 2,904 | | ||||||||||||
North America |
3,086 | | 2,433 | | ||||||||||||
Other |
2,293 | | 2,046 | | ||||||||||||
Fixed Income Total |
8,864 | 17 | 7,075 | 5 | ||||||||||||
Government bonds |
4,637 | 17 | 3,541 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Investment grade corporate bonds |
2,749 | 2,336 | | |||||||||||||
Other fixed income |
1,478 | | 1,198 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Derivatives |
(1,182 | ) | | 18 | | |||||||||||
Private Equity |
762 | | 706 | | ||||||||||||
Property and Real Estate |
1,384 | | 1,230 | | ||||||||||||
Hedge Funds |
1,050 | | 936 | | ||||||||||||
Other |
962 | 1 | 693 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Other plans |
290 | | 272 | |
The fair values of the above equity and fixed income instruments are determined based on quoted market prices in active markets. The fair value of private equity, properties, derivatives and hedge funds are not based on quoted market prices in active markets. The Group uses swaps to hedge some of its exposure to inflation and interest rate risk. Foreign currency exposures in part are also hedged by the use of forward foreign exchange contracts. Assets included in the Other category are commodities, cash and insurance contracts which are also unquoted assets.
Equity securities include Unilever securities amounting to 71 million (0.3% of total plan assets) and 67 million (0.4% of total plan assets) at 31 December 2014 and 2013 respectively. Property includes property occupied by Unilever amounting to 15 million at 31 December 2014 and 2013.
The pension assets above exclude the assets in a Special Benefits Trust amounting to 86 million (2013: 84 million) to fund pension and similar liabilities in the United States (see also note 17A on page 120).
SENSITIVITIES
The sensitivity of the overall pension liabilities to changes in the weighted key assumptions are:
Change in assumption | Change in liabilities | |||
Discount rate |
Increase by 0.5% | -7% | ||
Inflation rate |
Increase by 0.5% | +5% | ||
Life expectancy |
Increase by 1 year | +4% | ||
Long-term medical cost inflation(b) |
Increase by 1.0% | +1% |
An equivalent decrease in each assumption would have an equal and opposite impact on liabilities.
(b) | Long-term medical cost inflation only relates to post retirement medical plans. |
The sensitivity analyses above have been determined based on reasonably possible changes of the respective assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period and may not be representative of the actual change. It is based on a change in the key assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. When calculating the sensitivity to the assumption, the same method used to calculate the liability recognised in the balance sheet has been applied. The methods and types of assumptions used in preparing the sensitivity analysis did not change compared with the previous period.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 97 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
4B. PENSIONS AND SIMILAR OBLIGATIONS CONTINUED
CASH FLOW
Group cash flow in respect of pensions and similar post-employment benefits comprises company contributions paid to funded plans and benefits paid by the company in respect of unfunded plans, as set out in the following table (including the current estimate of contributions for 2015):
million 2015 Estimate |
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||||||
Company contributions to funded plans: |
||||||||||||||||
Defined benefit |
390 | 386 | 453 | 435 | ||||||||||||
Defined contributions |
160 | 115 | 121 | 116 | ||||||||||||
Benefits paid by the company in respect of unfunded plans: |
||||||||||||||||
Defined benefit |
150 | 151 | 141 | 170 | ||||||||||||
Group cash flow in respect of pensions and similar benefits |
700 | 652 | 715 | 721 |
The Groups funding policy is to periodically review the contributions made to the plans while taking account of local legislation.
4C. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The fair value of awards at grant date is calculated using appropriate pricing models. This value is expensed over their vesting period, with a corresponding credit to equity. The expense is reviewed and adjusted to reflect changes to the level of awards expected to vest, except where this arises from a failure to meet a market condition. Any cancellations are recognised immediately in the income statement.
As at 31 December 2014, the Group had share-based compensation plans in the form of performance shares, share options and other share awards.
The numbers in this note include those for Executive Directors shown in the Directors Remuneration Report on pages 62 to 77 and those for key management personnel shown in note 4A on page 93. Non-Executive Directors do not participate in any of the share-based compensation plans.
The charge in each of the last three years is shown below, and relates to equity settled plans:
Income statement charge | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Performance share plans |
(186 | ) | (221 | ) | (147 | ) | ||||||
Other plans |
(2 | ) | (7 | ) | (6 | ) | ||||||
(188 | ) | (228 | ) | (153 | ) |
PERFORMANCE SHARE PLANS
Performance share awards are made under the Management Co-Investment Plan (MCIP) and the Global Share Incentive Plan (GSIP). The MCIP allows Unilevers managers to invest up to 60% of their annual bonus in shares in Unilever and to receive a corresponding award of performance-related shares. Under GSIP Unilevers managers receive annual awards of NV and PLC shares. The awards of both plans will vest after three years between 0% and 200% of grant level, depending on the satisfaction of performance metrics.
The performance metrics of both MCIP and GSIP are underlying sales growth, operating cash flow and core operating margin improvement. There is an additional target based on relative total shareholder return (TSR) for senior executives.
A summary of the status of the Performance Share Plans as at 31 December 2014, 2013 and 2012 and changes during the years ended on these dates is presented below:
2014 Number of shares |
2013 Number of shares |
2012 Number of shares |
||||||||||
Outstanding at 1 January |
18,909,204 | 18,031,101 | 18,642,656 | |||||||||
Awarded |
9,724,186 | 7,780,730 | 7,036,147 | |||||||||
Vested |
(9,347,225 | ) | (5,823,102 | ) | (6,277,057 | ) | ||||||
Forfeited |
(1,817,874 | ) | (1,079,525 | ) | (1,370,645 | ) | ||||||
Outstanding at 31 December |
17,468,291 | 18,909,204 | 18,031,101 |
98 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
4C. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS CONTINUED
2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||
Share award value information |
||||||||||||
Fair value per share award during the year |
27.80 | 28.91 | 25.02 |
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
At 31 December 2014, shares and options in NV or PLC totalling 19,428,560 (2013: 23,326,247) were held in respect of share-based compensation plans of NV, PLC and its subsidiaries, including North American plans.
To satisfy the options granted, certain NV group companies hold 18,822,613 (2013: 16,615,696) ordinary shares of NV or PLC, and trusts in Jersey and the United Kingdom hold 1,053,470 (2013: nil) NV or PLC shares. Shares acquired during 2014 represent 0.442% of the Groups called up share capital. The balance of shares held in connection with share plans at 31 December 2014 represented 0.7% (2013: 0.5%) of the Groups called up share capital.
The book value of 647 million (2013: 507 million) of all shares held in respect of share-based compensation plans for both NV and PLC is eliminated on consolidation by deduction from other reserves. Their market value at 31 December 2014 was 656 million (2013: 489 million).
At 31 December 2014, the exercise price of 167,479 PLC options (NV: nil) were above the market price of the shares. At 31 December 2013, the exercise price of 192,447 PLC options (NV: nil) were above the market price of the shares.
Shares held to satisfy options and related trusts are accounted for in accordance with IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and SIC 12 Consolidation of Special Purpose Entities. All differences between the purchase price of the shares held to satisfy options granted and the proceeds received for the shares, whether on exercise or lapse, are charged to reserves. The basis of the charge to operating profit for the economic value of options granted is discussed on page 98.
Between 31 December 2014 and 25 February 2015 (the latest practicable date for inclusion in this report), 4,343,415 shares were granted and 7,840,032 shares were vested or forfeited related to the Performance Share Plans.
Net finance costs are comprised of finance costs and finance income, including net finance costs in relation to pensions and similar obligations.
Finance income includes income on cash and cash equivalents and income on other financial assets. Finance costs include interest costs in relation to financial liabilities.
Borrowing costs are recognised based on the effective interest method.
Net finance costs | Notes | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
||||||||||||
Finance costs |
(500 | ) | (500 | ) | (526 | ) | ||||||||||
Bank loans and overdrafts |
(57 | ) | (36 | ) | (69 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest on bonds and other loans(a) |
(425 | ) | (457 | ) | (451 | ) | ||||||||||
Dividends paid on preference shares |
(4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | ||||||||||
Net gain/(loss) on derivatives for which hedge accounting is not applied(b) |
(14 | ) | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||||||
On foreign exchange derivatives |
(655 | ) | 368 | (19 | ) | |||||||||||
Exchange difference on underlying items |
641 | (371 | ) | 17 | ||||||||||||
Finance income |
117 | 103 | 136 | |||||||||||||
Pensions and similar obligations |
4B | (94 | ) | (133 | ) | (145 | ) | |||||||||
(477 | ) | (530 | ) | (535 | ) |
(a) | Interest on bonds and other loans include the impact of interest rate derivatives that are part of a fair value hedge accounting relationship and the recycling of results from the cash flow hedge accounting reserve relating to derivatives that were part of a cash flow hedge accounting relation. |
(b) | For further details of derivatives for which hedge accounting is not applied, please refer to note 16C on page 119. |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 99 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
Income tax on the profit for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognised in the income statement except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity.
Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date, and any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous years.
Current tax in the consolidated income statement will differ from the income tax paid in the consolidated cash flow statement primarily because of deferred tax arising on temporary differences and payment dates for income tax occurring after the balance sheet date.
Tax charge in income statement | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Current tax |
||||||||||||
Current year |
(2,111 | ) | (2,320 | ) | (1,859 | ) | ||||||
Over/(under) provided in prior years |
68 | 232 | (135 | ) | ||||||||
(2,043 | ) | (2,088 | ) | (1,994 | ) | |||||||
Deferred tax |
||||||||||||
Origination and reversal of temporary differences |
(112 | ) | 177 | 164 | ||||||||
Changes in tax rates |
4 | 7 | 81 | |||||||||
Recognition of previously unrecognised losses brought forward |
20 | 53 | 52 | |||||||||
(88 | ) | 237 | 297 | |||||||||
(2,131 | ) | (1,851 | ) | (1,697 | ) | |||||||
The reconciliation between the computed weighted average rate of income tax expense, which is generally applicable to Unilever companies, and the actual rate of taxation charged is as follows:
|
| |||||||||||
Reconciliation of effective tax rate | % 2014 |
% 2013 |
% 2012 |
|||||||||
Computed rate of tax(a) |
27 | 28 | 26 | |||||||||
Differences due to: |
||||||||||||
Incentive tax credits |
(5 | ) | (4 | ) | (5 | ) | ||||||
Withholding tax on dividends |
2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Adjustments to previous years |
| (4 | ) | | ||||||||
Expenses not deductible for tax purposes |
1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Other |
3 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||
Effective tax rate |
28 | 26 | 26 |
(a) | The computed tax rate used is the average of the standard rate of tax applicable in the countries in which Unilever operates, weighted by the amount of profit before taxation generated in each of those countries. For this reason the rate may vary from year to year according to the mix of profit and related tax rates. |
Deferred tax is recognised using the liability method on taxable temporary differences between the tax base and the accounting base of items included in the balance sheet of the Group. Certain temporary differences are not provided for as follows:
| goodwill not deductible for tax purposes; |
| the initial recognition of assets or liabilities that affect neither accounting nor taxable profit; and |
| differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. |
The amount of deferred tax provided is based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted, or substantively enacted, at the year end.
A deferred tax asset is recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.
100 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
6B. DEFERRED TAX CONTINUED
million | million | million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
As at 1 January |
Income | As at 31 December |
As at 1 January |
Income | As at 31 December |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Movements in 2014 and 2013 | 2014 | statement | Other | 2014 | 2013 | statement | Other | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pensions and similar obligations |
440 | (36 | ) | 470 | 874 | 750 | 5 | (315 | ) | 440 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Provisions |
672 | (9 | ) | (6 | ) | 657 | 619 | 96 | (43 | ) | 672 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill and intangible assets |
(1,163 | ) | (1 | ) | (128 | ) | (1,292 | ) | (1,436 | ) | 221 | 52 | (1,163 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Accelerated tax depreciation |
(697 | ) | (30 | ) | (26 | ) | (753 | ) | (623 | ) | (66 | ) | (8 | ) | (697 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Tax losses |
147 | 3 | (27 | ) | 123 | 134 | 12 | 1 | 147 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains |
(17 | ) | 6 | 1 | (10 | ) | (21 | ) | (3 | ) | 7 | (17 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fair value losses |
(5 | ) | 5 | 10 | 10 | 12 | (17 | ) | | (5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Share-based payments |
173 | (2 | ) | 1 | 172 | 172 | (8 | ) | 9 | 173 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other |
10 | (24 | ) | (15 | ) | (29 | ) | 29 | (3 | ) | (16 | ) | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||
(440 | ) | (88 | ) | 280 | (248 | ) | (364 | ) | 237 | (313 | ) | (440 | ) |
At the balance sheet date, the Group has unused tax losses of 2,664 million (2013: 2,066 million) and tax credits amounting to 441 million (2013: 390 million) available for offset against future taxable profits. Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of unused tax losses of 2,371 million (2013: 1,641 million) and tax credits of 441 million (2013: 390 million), as it is not probable that there will be future taxable profits within the entities against which the losses can be utilised. The majority of these tax losses and credits arise in tax jurisdictions where they do not expire with the exception of 1,192 million (2013: 181 million) comprising corporate income tax losses in the Netherlands which expire between now and 2023 and state and federal tax losses in the US which expire between now and 2034.
Other deductible temporary differences of 67 million (2013: 72 million) have not been recognised as a deferred tax asset. There is no expiry date for these differences.
At the balance sheet date, the aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with undistributed earnings of subsidiaries for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognised was 1,566 million (2013: 1,306 million). No liability has been recognised in respect of these differences because the Group is in a position to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences, and it is probable that such differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred income taxes relate to the same fiscal authority. The following amounts, determined after appropriate offsetting, are shown in the consolidated balance sheet:
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
Deferred tax assets and liabilities | Assets 2014 |
Assets 2013 |
Liabilities 2014 |
Liabilities 2013 |
Total 2014 |
Total 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||
Pensions and similar obligations |
564 | 368 | 310 | 72 | 874 | 440 | ||||||||||||||||||
Provisions |
515 | 532 | 142 | 140 | 657 | 672 | ||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill and intangible assets |
127 | 58 | (1,419 | ) | (1,221 | ) | (1,292 | ) | (1,163 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Accelerated tax depreciation |
(113 | ) | (176 | ) | (640 | ) | (521 | ) | (753 | ) | (697 | ) | ||||||||||||
Tax losses |
88 | 142 | 35 | 5 | 123 | 147 | ||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains |
14 | 10 | (24 | ) | (28 | ) | (10 | ) | (18 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Fair value losses |
(8 | ) | (11 | ) | 18 | 7 | 10 | (4 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Share-based payments |
85 | 96 | 87 | 77 | 172 | 173 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other |
14 | 65 | (43 | ) | (55 | ) | (29 | ) | 10 | |||||||||||||||
1,286 | 1,084 | (1,534 | ) | (1,524 | ) | (248 | ) | (440 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Of which deferred tax to be recovered/(settled) after more than 12 months |
1,037 | 896 | (1,586 | ) | (1,563 | ) | (549 | ) | (667 | ) |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 101 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
6C. TAX ON OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Income tax is recognised in other comprehensive income for items recognised directly in equity.
Tax effects of the components of other comprehensive income were as follows:
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
Before 2014 |
Tax (charge)/ credit 2014 |
After 2014 |
Before tax 2013 |
Tax (charge)/ credit 2013 |
After tax 2013 |
|||||||||||||||||||
Fair value gains/(losses) on financial instruments |
(110 | ) | 25 | (85 | ) | 121 | (15 | ) | 106 | |||||||||||||||
Remeasurements of defined benefit pension plans |
(1,710 | ) | 460 | (1,250 | ) | 942 | (245 | ) | 697 | |||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) |
(16 | ) | (9 | ) | (25 | ) | (980 | ) | (19 | ) | (999 | ) | ||||||||||||
(1,836 | ) | 476 | (1,360 | ) | 83 | (279 | ) | (196 | ) |
7. COMBINED EARNINGS PER SHARE
The combined earnings per share calculations are based on the average number of share units representing the combined ordinary shares of NV and PLC in issue during the period, less the average number of shares held as treasury stock.
In calculating diluted earnings per share and core earnings per share, a number of adjustments are made to the number of shares, principally: (i) conversion into PLC ordinary shares in the year 2038 of shares in a group company (refer below) and (ii) the exercise of share options by employees.
On 19 May 2014, a subsidiary of Unilever PLC purchased the shares convertible to ordinary shares in 2038 (see note 24). Due to the repurchase, the average number of combined share units is not adjusted for these shares from 20 May 2014 to 31 December 2014. The adjusted average number of share units is calculated based on the number of days the shares were dilutive during the year ended 31 December 2014.
| | | ||||||||||||||
Combined earnings per share | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
Basic earnings per share |
1.82 | 1.71 | 1.54 | |||||||||||||
Diluted earnings per share |
1.79 | 1.66 | 1.50 | |||||||||||||
Core EPS |
1.61 | 1.58 | 1.53 | |||||||||||||
Millions of share units | ||||||||||||||||
Calculation of average number of share units | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
Average number of shares: NV |
1,714.7 | 1,714.7 | 1,714.7 | |||||||||||||
PLC |
1,310.2 | 1,310.2 | 1,310.2 | |||||||||||||
Less shares held by employee share trusts and companies |
(184.4 | ) | (186.8 | ) | (196.1 | ) | ||||||||||
Combined average number of share units |
2,840.5 | 2,838.1 | 2,828.8 | |||||||||||||
Add dilutive impact of Leverhulme shares |
26.8 | 70.9 | 70.9 | |||||||||||||
Add dilutive effect of share-based compensation plans |
15.3 | 15.0 | 16.2 | |||||||||||||
Diluted combined average number of share units |
2,882.6 | 2,924.0 | 2,915.9 | |||||||||||||
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||
Calculation of earnings | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||
Net profit |
5,515 | 5,263 | 4,836 | |||||||||||||
Non-controlling interests |
(344 | ) | (421 | ) | (468 | ) | ||||||||||
Net profit attributable to shareholders equity |
5,171 | 4,842 | 4,368 | |||||||||||||
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||
Calculation of core earnings | Notes | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||||
Net profit attributable to shareholders equity |
5,171 | 4,842 | 4,368 | |||||||||||||
Post-tax impact of non-core items |
3 | (537 | ) | (235 | ) | 87 | ||||||||||
Core profit attributable to shareholders equity |
4,634 | 4,607 | 4,455 |
102 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
8. DIVIDENDS ON ORDINARY CAPITAL
Dividends are recognised on the date that the shareholders right to receive payment is established. This is generally the date when the dividend is declared.
Dividends on ordinary capital during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
NV dividends |
(1,757 | ) | (1,638 | ) | (1,482 | ) | ||||||
PLC dividends |
(1,439 | ) | (1,343 | ) | (1,214 | ) | ||||||
(3,196 | ) | (2,981 | ) | (2,696 | ) |
Four quarterly interim dividends were declared and paid during 2014 totalling 1.12 (2013: 1.05) per NV ordinary share and £0.91 (2013: £0.89) per PLC ordinary share.
Quarterly dividends of 0.29 per NV ordinary share and £0.22 per PLC ordinary share were declared on 20 January 2015, to be payable in March 2015. See note 26 Events after the balance sheet date on page 128. Total dividends declared in relation to 2014 were 1.14 (2013: 1.08) per NV ordinary share and £0.90 (2013: £0.91) per PLC ordinary share.
9. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
GOODWILL
Goodwill is initially recognised based on the accounting policy for business combinations (see note 21). Goodwill is subsequently measured at cost less amounts provided for impairment. The Groups cash generating units (CGUs) are based on the four product categories and the three geographical areas.
Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to the Groups CGUs, or groups of CGUs, that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. These might not always be the same as the CGUs that include the assets and liabilities of the acquired business. Each unit or group of units to which the goodwill is allocated represents the lowest level within the Group at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes, and is not larger than an operating segment.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Separately purchased intangible assets are initially measured at cost. On acquisition of new interests in group companies, Unilever recognises any specifically identifiable intangible assets separately from goodwill. Intangible assets are initially measured at fair value as at the date of acquisition.
Finite-life intangible assets mainly comprise patented and non-patented technology, know-how and software. These assets are capitalised and amortised on a straight-line basis in the income statement over the period of their expected useful lives, or the period of legal rights if shorter. None of the amortisation periods exceeds ten years. Indefinite-life intangibles mainly comprise trademarks and brands. These assets are capitalised at cost but are not amortised. They are subject to a review for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate this is necessary. Any impairment is charged to the income statement as it arises.
Internally produced intangibles generally are not capitalised unless it can be demonstrated that the recognition criteria are met.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Development expenditure is capitalised only if the costs can be reliably measured, future economic benefits are probable, the product is technically feasible and the Group has the intent and the resources to complete the project. Research expenditure is recognised in profit or loss as incurred.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 103 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
9. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS CONTINUED
million | million | million | million | million | ||||||||||||||||
Movements during 2014 | Goodwill | Indefinite-life intangible assets |
Finite-life intangible assets |
Software | Total | |||||||||||||||
Cost |
||||||||||||||||||||
1 January 2014 |
14,890 | 6,266 | 641 | 1,715 | 23,512 | |||||||||||||||
Acquisitions of group companies |
184 | 356 | 20 | | 560 | |||||||||||||||
Disposals of group companies |
(207 | ) | (587 | ) | | (1 | ) | (795 | ) | |||||||||||
Reclassed to held for disposal |
| (11 | ) | | | (11 | ) | |||||||||||||
Additions |
| 36 | | 328 | 364 | |||||||||||||||
Disposals |
| (2 | ) | | (9 | ) | (11 | ) | ||||||||||||
Currency retranslation |
858 | 306 | 24 | 103 | 1,291 | |||||||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
15,725 | 6,364 | 685 | 2,136 | 24,910 | |||||||||||||||
Accumulated amortisation and impairment |
||||||||||||||||||||
1 January 2014 |
(973 | ) | (227 | ) | (613 | ) | (795 | ) | (2,608 | ) | ||||||||||
Disposals of group companies |
| 566 | | | 566 | |||||||||||||||
Amortisation/impairment for the year |
| (305 | ) | (2 | ) | (178 | ) | (485 | ) | |||||||||||
Disposals |
| 1 | | 9 | 10 | |||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation |
(110 | ) | (47 | ) | (29 | ) | (33 | ) | (219 | ) | ||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
(1,083 | ) | (12 | ) | (644 | ) | (997 | ) | (2,736 | ) | ||||||||||
Net book value 31 December 2014 |
14,642 | 6,352 | 41 | 1,139 | 22,174 | |||||||||||||||
Movements during 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||
Cost |
||||||||||||||||||||
1 January 2013 |
15,635 | 6,536 | 670 | 1,480 | 24,321 | |||||||||||||||
Acquisitions of group companies |
62 | 45 | 5 | | 112 | |||||||||||||||
Disposals of group companies |
(62 | ) | (13 | ) | | | (75 | ) | ||||||||||||
Reclassed to held for disposal |
(3 | ) | | | | (3 | ) | |||||||||||||
Additions |
| 2 | | 375 | 377 | |||||||||||||||
Disposals |
| (5 | ) | (10 | ) | (54 | ) | (69 | ) | |||||||||||
Currency retranslation |
(742 | ) | (299 | ) | (24 | ) | (86 | ) | (1,151 | ) | ||||||||||
31 December 2013 |
14,890 | 6,266 | 641 | 1,715 | 23,512 | |||||||||||||||
Accumulated amortisation and impairment |
||||||||||||||||||||
1 January 2013 |
(1,016 | ) | (238 | ) | (641 | ) | (708 | ) | (2,603 | ) | ||||||||||
Amortisation for the year |
| | (4 | ) | (163 | ) | (167 | ) | ||||||||||||
Disposals |
| | 9 | 26 | 35 | |||||||||||||||
Currency retranslation |
43 | 11 | 23 | 50 | 127 | |||||||||||||||
31 December 2013 |
(973 | ) | (227 | ) | (613 | ) | (795 | ) | (2,608 | ) | ||||||||||
Net book value 31 December 2013 |
13,917 | 6,039 | 28 | 920 | 20,904 |
There are no significant carrying amounts of goodwill and intangible assets that are allocated across multiple cash generating units.
IMPAIRMENT CHARGES
We have tested all material goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets for impairment. During the year an impairment of 305 million has been recognised in relation to the assets related to the SlimFast business. These assets were subsequently sold (see note 21). No other impairments were identified.
SIGNIFICANT CGUS
The goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets held in the three CGUs relating to Foods across the geographical areas are considered significant within the total carrying amounts of goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets at 31 December 2014 in terms of size, headroom and sensitivity to assumptions used. No other CGUs are considered significant in this respect.
The goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets held in the significant CGUs are:
billion | billion | billion | billion | |||||||||||||
2014 | 2014 | 2013 | 2013 | |||||||||||||
Goodwill | Indefinite- life intangibles |
Goodwill | Indefinite- life intangibles |
|||||||||||||
Foods Europe |
5.9 | 1.6 | 5.8 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||
Foods The Americas |
3.7 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||
Foods Asia/AMET/RUB |
1.6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
Value in use has been calculated as the present value of projected future cash flows. A pre-tax discount rate of 7.4% (2013: 7.4%) was used.
104 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
9. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS CONTINUED
For the significant CGUs, the following key assumptions were used in the discounted cash flow projections:
Foods | Foods | Foods | ||||||||||
Europe | The Americas |
Asia/ AMET/RUB |
||||||||||
Longer-term sustainable growth rates |
0.5 | % | 1.7 | % | 3.1 | % | ||||||
Average near-term nominal growth rates |
0.7 | % | 5.4 | % | 7.6 | % | ||||||
Average operating margins |
19-20 | % | 20-22 | % | 16-18 | % |
The growth rates and margins used to estimate future performance are based on past performance and our experience of growth rates and margins achievable in our key markets.
The projections covered a period of five years, as we believe this to be the most appropriate timescale over which to review and consider annual performances before applying a fixed terminal value multiple to the final year cash flows.
The growth rates used are consistent with the prudent end of the range of assumptions from our annual planning and strategic planning processes.
We have performed sensitivity analyses around the base assumptions and have concluded that no reasonable possible changes in key assumptions would cause the recoverable amount of the significant CGUs to be less than the carrying value.
10. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment is measured at cost including eligible borrowing costs less depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.
| ||
Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the expected average useful lives of the assets. Residual values are reviewed at least annually. Estimated useful lives by major class of assets are as follows: | ||
Freehold buildings (no depreciation on freehold land) |
40 years | |
Leasehold land and buildings |
40 years (or life of lease if less) | |
Plant and equipment |
2-20 years | |
Property, plant and equipment is subject to review for impairment if triggering events or circumstances indicate that this is necessary. If an indication of impairment exists, the assets or cash generating units recoverable amount is estimated and any impairment loss is charged to the income statement as it arises. |
million | million | million | ||||||||||
Movements during 2014 | Land and buildings |
Plant and equipment |
Total | |||||||||
Cost |
||||||||||||
1 January 2014 |
3,847 | 13,382 | 17,229 | |||||||||
Acquisitions of group companies |
21 | 20 | 41 | |||||||||
Disposals of group companies |
(50 | ) | (191 | ) | (241 | ) | ||||||
Additions |
306 | 1,593 | 1,899 | |||||||||
Disposals |
(109 | ) | (619 | ) | (728 | ) | ||||||
Currency retranslation |
155 | 523 | 678 | |||||||||
Reclassification as held for sale |
30 | 6 | 36 | |||||||||
31 December 2014 |
4,200 | 14,714 | 18,914 | |||||||||
Accumulated depreciation |
||||||||||||
1 January 2014 |
(1,254 | ) | (6,631 | ) | (7,885 | ) | ||||||
Disposals of group companies |
27 | 108 | 135 | |||||||||
Depreciation charge for the year |
(102 | ) | (845 | ) | (947 | ) | ||||||
Disposals |
31 | 516 | 547 | |||||||||
Currency retranslation |
(52 | ) | (243 | ) | (295 | ) | ||||||
Reclassification as held for sale |
4 | (1 | ) | 3 | ||||||||
31 December 2014 |
(1,346 | ) | (7,096 | ) | (8,442 | ) | ||||||
Net book value 31 December 2014 |
2,854 | 7,618 | 10,472 | (a) | ||||||||
Includes payments on account and assets in course of construction |
253 | 1,499 | 1,752 |
(a) | Includes 259 million (2013: 235 million) of freehold land. |
The Group has commitment to capital expenditure of 640 million (2013: 669 million) see note 20.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 105 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
10. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT CONTINUED
million | million | million | ||||||||||
Movements during 2013 | Land and buildings |
Plant and equipment |
Total | |||||||||
Cost |
||||||||||||
1 January 2013 |
4,006 | 13,503 | 17,509 | |||||||||
Acquisitions of group companies |
14 | 36 | 50 | |||||||||
Disposals of group companies |
(4 | ) | (24 | ) | (28 | ) | ||||||
Additions |
281 | 1,583 | 1,864 | |||||||||
Disposals |
(89 | ) | (545 | ) | (634 | ) | ||||||
Currency retranslation |
(286 | ) | (1,014 | ) | (1,300 | ) | ||||||
Reclassification as held for sale |
(75 | ) | (156 | ) | (231 | ) | ||||||
Other adjustments |
| (1 | ) | (1 | ) | |||||||
31 December 2013 |
3,847 | 13,382 | 17,229 | |||||||||
Accumulated depreciation |
||||||||||||
1 January 2013 |
(1,286 | ) | (6,778 | ) | (8,064 | ) | ||||||
Disposals of group companies |
3 | 17 | 20 | |||||||||
Depreciation charge for the year |
(110 | ) | (874 | ) | (984 | ) | ||||||
Disposals |
66 | 454 | 520 | |||||||||
Currency retranslation |
63 | 436 | 499 | |||||||||
Reclassification as held for sale |
14 | 117 | 131 | |||||||||
Other adjustments |
(4 | ) | (3 | ) | (7 | ) | ||||||
31 December 2013 |
(1,254 | ) | (6,631 | ) | (7,885 | ) | ||||||
Net book value 31 December 2013 |
2,593 | 6,751 | 9,344 | |||||||||
Includes payments on account and assets in course of construction |
191 | 1,315 | 1,506 |
Joint ventures are undertakings in which the Group has an interest and which are jointly controlled by the Group and one or more other parties. Associates are undertakings where the Group has an investment in which it does not have control or joint control but can exercise significant influence.
Interests in joint ventures and associates are accounted for using the equity method and are stated in the consolidated balance sheet at cost, adjusted for the movement in the Groups share of their net assets and liabilities. The Groups share of the profit or loss after tax of joint ventures and associates is included in the Groups consolidated profit before taxation.
Where the Groups share of losses exceeds its interest in the equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to zero and the recognition of further losses is discontinued, except to the extent that the Group has an obligation to make payments on behalf of the investee.
Biological assets are measured at fair value less costs to sell with any changes recognised in the income statement.
million | million | |||||||
2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Interest in net assets of joint ventures |
52 | 57 | ||||||
Interest in net assets of associates |
42 | 38 | ||||||
Long-term trade and other receivables |
265 | 207 | ||||||
Fair value of biological assets |
42 | 34 | ||||||
Other non-financial assets(a) |
256 | 227 | ||||||
657 | 563 |
(a) | Other non-financial assets mainly relate to tax deposits paid. |
106 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
11. OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS CONTINUED
Movements during 2014 and 2013 | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
Joint ventures(a) |
||||||||
1 January |
57 | 32 | ||||||
Additions |
4 | 25 | ||||||
Dividends received/reductions |
(123 | ) | (100 | ) | ||||
Share of net profit |
103 | 105 | ||||||
Currency retranslation |
11 | (5 | ) | |||||
31 December |
52 | 57 | ||||||
Associates(b) |
||||||||
1 January |
38 | 51 | ||||||
Additions |
2 | 18 | ||||||
Dividends received/reductions |
5 | (42 | ) | |||||
Share of net (loss)/profit |
(5 | ) | 8 | |||||
Currency retranslation |
2 | 3 | ||||||
31 December |
42 | 38 |
(a) | Our principal joint ventures are Unilever Jerónimo Martins in Portugal, Pepsi Lipton International in the UK and the Pepsi/Lipton Partnership in the US. |
(b) | Associates as at 31 December 2014 primarily comprise our investments in Langholm Capital Partners. Other Unilever Ventures assets are included under Other non-current non-financial assets. |
The joint ventures and associates have no significant contingent liabilities to which the Group is exposed, and the Group has no significant contingent liabilities in relation to its interest in the joint ventures and associates.
The Group has no outstanding capital commitments to joint ventures.
Outstanding balances with joint ventures and associates are shown in note 23 on page 127.
Inventories are valued at the lower of weighted average cost and net realisable value. Cost comprises direct costs and, where appropriate, a proportion of attributable production overheads. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price less the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Inventories | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
Raw materials and consumables |
1,364 | 1,286 | ||||||
Finished goods and goods for resale |
2,804 | 2,651 | ||||||
4,168 | 3,937 |
Inventories with a value of 76 million (2013: 204 million) are carried at net realisable value, this being lower than cost. During 2014, 126 million (2013: 198 million) was charged to the income statement for damaged, obsolete and lost inventories. In 2014, 120 million (2013: 155 million) was utilised or released to the income statement from inventory provisions taken in earlier years.
13. TRADE AND OTHER CURRENT RECEIVABLES
Trade and other receivables are initially recognised at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently these assets are held at amortised cost, using the effective interest method and net of any impairment losses.
We do not consider the fair values of trade and other receivables to be significantly different from their carrying values. Credit terms for customers are determined in individual territories. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are limited, due to the Groups customer base being large and diverse. Our historical experience of collecting receivables, supported by the level of default, is that credit risk is low across territories and so trade receivables are considered to be a single class of financial assets. Balances are considered for impairment on an individual basis rather than by reference to the extent that they become overdue.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 107 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
13. TRADE AND OTHER CURRENT RECEIVABLES CONTINUED
Included in others are third party royalties, certain derivatives and dividends to non-controlling interests.
108 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
ORDINARY SHARES
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares are recognised as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.
INTERNAL HOLDINGS
The ordinary shares numbered 1 to 2,400 (inclusive) in NV (Special Shares) and deferred stock of PLC are held as to one half of each class by N.V. Elma a subsidiary of NV and one half by United Holdings Limited a subsidiary of PLC. This capital is eliminated on consolidation.
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
The Group operates a number of share-based compensation plans involving options and awards of ordinary shares of NV and PLC. Full details of these plans are given in note 4C on pages 98 and 99.
OTHER RESERVES
Other reserves include the fair value reserve, the foreign currency translation reserve, the capital redemption reserve and treasury stock.
SHARES HELD BY EMPLOYEE SHARE TRUSTS AND GROUP COMPANIES
Certain PLC trusts, NV and group companies purchase and hold NV and PLC shares to satisfy performance shares granted, share options granted and other share awards (see note 4C). The assets and liabilities of these trusts and shares held by group companies are included in the consolidated financial statements. The book value of shares held is deducted from other reserves, and trusts borrowings are included in the Groups liabilities. The costs of the trusts are included in the results of the Group. These shares are excluded from the calculation of earnings per share.
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value, less any directly related transaction costs. Certain bonds are designated as being part of a fair value hedge relationship. In these cases, the bonds are carried at amortised cost, adjusted for the fair value of the risk being hedged, with changes in value shown in profit and loss. Other financial liabilities, excluding derivatives, are subsequently carried at amortised cost.
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Groups use of, and accounting for, derivative instruments is explained in note 16 on page 114 and on pages 118 to 119.
The Groups Treasury activities are designed to:
| maintain a competitive balance sheet in line with A+/A1 rating (see below); |
| secure funding at lowest costs for the Groups operations, M&A activity and external dividend payments (see below); |
| protect the Groups financial results and position from financial risks (see note 16); |
| maintain market risks within acceptable parameters, while optimising returns (see note 16); and |
| protect the Groups financial investments, while maximising returns (see note 17). |
The Treasury department provides central deposit taking, funding and foreign exchange management services for the Groups operations. The department is governed by standards and processes which are approved by Unilever Leadership Executive (ULE). In addition to guidelines and exposure limits, a system of authorities and extensive independent reporting covers all major areas of activity. Performance is monitored closely by senior management. Reviews are undertaken periodically by corporate audit.
Key instruments used by the department are:
| short-term and long-term borrowings; |
| cash and cash equivalents; and |
| plain vanilla derivatives, including interest rate swaps and FX contracts. |
The Treasury department maintains a list of approved financial instruments. The use of any new instrument must be approved by the Chief Financial Officer. The use of leveraged instruments is not permitted.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 109 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
15. CAPITAL AND FUNDING CONTINUED
Unilever considers the following components of its balance sheet to be managed capital:
| total equity retained profit, other reserves, share capital, share premium, non-controlling interests (note 15A and 15B); |
| short-term debt current financial liabilities (note 15C); and |
| long-term debt non-current bank loans, bonds and other loans (note 15C). |
The Group manages its capital so as to safeguard its ability to continue as a going concern and to optimise returns to our shareholders through an appropriate balance of debt and equity. The capital structure of the Group is based on managements judgement of the appropriate balance of key elements in order to meet its strategic and day-to-day needs. We consider the amount of capital in proportion to risk and manage the capital structure in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets.
Our current long-term credit rating is A+/A1 and our short-term credit rating is A1/P1. We aim to maintain a competitive balance sheet which we consider to be the equivalent of a credit rating of A+/A1 in the long term. This provides us with:
| appropriate access to the debt and equity markets; |
| sufficient flexibility for acquisitions; |
| sufficient resilience against economic and financial uncertainty while ensuring ample liquidity; and |
| optimal weighted average cost of capital, given the above constraints. |
Unilever monitors the qualitative and quantitative factors utilised by the rating agencies. This information is publicly available and is updated by the credit rating agencies on a regular basis.
Unilever will take appropriate steps in order to maintain, or if necessary adjust, its capital structure. Unilever is not subject to financial covenants in any of its significant financing agreements.
|
Authorised 2014 |
(a)
|
|
Issued, called up and fully paid 2014 |
(b)
|
|
Authorised 2013 |
(a)
|
|
Issued, called up and fully paid 2013 |
(b)
| |||||
Unilever N.V. |
million | million | million | million | ||||||||||||
NV ordinary shares of 0.16 each |
480 | 274 | 480 | 274 | ||||||||||||
NV ordinary shares of 428.57 each (shares numbered 1 to 2,400 Special Shares) |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Internal holdings eliminated on consolidation (428.57 shares) |
| (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||
481 | 274 | 481 | 274 | |||||||||||||
Unilever PLC |
£ million | £ million | ||||||||||||||
PLC ordinary shares of 3 1⁄9p each |
40.8 | 40.8 | ||||||||||||||
PLC deferred stock of £1 each |
0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
Internal holding eliminated on consolidation (£1 stock) |
(0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | ||||||||||||
40.8 | 40.8 | |||||||||||||||
million | million | |||||||||||||||
Euro equivalent in millions (at £1.00 = 5.143)(c) |
210 | 210 | ||||||||||||||
Unilever Group |
million | million | ||||||||||||||
Ordinary share capital of NV |
274 | 274 | ||||||||||||||
Ordinary share capital of PLC |
210 | 210 | ||||||||||||||
484 | 484 |
(a) | At 31 December 2014, Unilever N.V. had 3,000,000,000 (2013: 3,000,000,000) authorised ordinary shares. The requirement for a UK company to have an authorised share capital was abolished by the UK Companies Act 2006. In May 2010 Unilever PLC shareholders approved new Articles of Association to reflect this. |
(b) | At 31 December 2014, the following quantities of shares were in issue: 1,714,727,700 of NV ordinary shares; 2,400 of NV Special Shares; 1,310,156,361 of PLC ordinary shares and 100,000 of PLC deferred stock. The same quantities were in issue at 31 December 2013. |
(c) | Conversion rate for PLC ordinary shares nominal value to Euro is £1 = 5.143 (which is calculated by dividing the nominal value of NV ordinary shares by the nominal value of PLC ordinary shares). |
For information on the rights of shareholders of NV and PLC and the operation of the Equalisation Agreement, see the Corporate Governance report on page 41.
A nominal dividend of 6% per annum is paid on the deferred stock of PLC, which is not redeemable.
110 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
BASIS OF CONSOLIDATION
Unilever is the majority shareholder of all material subsidiaries and has control in all cases. Information in relation to all of the Groups significant investments is provided on page 129 to 130.
SUBSIDIARIES WITH SIGNIFICANT NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS
Unilever has one subsidiary company which has a material non-controlling interest, Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL). Summary financial information in relation to HUL is shown below.
HUL Balance sheet as at 31 December | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
Non-current assets |
636 | 432 | ||||||
Current assets |
1,093 | 1,002 | ||||||
Current liabilities |
(911 | ) | (797 | ) | ||||
Non-current liabilities |
(77 | ) | (101 | ) | ||||
HUL Comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December | ||||||||
Turnover |
3,529 | 3,341 | ||||||
Profit after tax |
445 | 429 | ||||||
Total comprehensive income |
519 | 384 | ||||||
HUL Cash flow for the year ended 31 December | ||||||||
Net increase /(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
66 | (106 | ) | |||||
HUL Non-controlling interest | ||||||||
1 January |
(221 | ) | (291 | ) | ||||
Share of (profit)/loss for the year ended 31 December |
(145 | ) | (172 | ) | ||||
Other comprehensive income |
1 | (3 | ) | |||||
Dividends paid to the non-controlling interest |
130 | 92 | ||||||
Other changes in equity |
| 108 | ||||||
Currency retranslation |
(23 | ) | 45 | |||||
31 December |
(258 | ) | (221 | ) |
UNILEVERS INCREASED INTEREST IN HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED
On 18 July 2013, the Group acquired 14.78% of Hindustan Unilever Limited for a consideration of INR 192 billion (2,515 million), increasing the Groups interest in Hindustan Unilever Limited from 52.48% to 67.26%. Accordingly 104 million previously shown as attributable to non-controlling interests within equity became attributable to shareholders and the resulting loss on the acquisition recorded in retained earnings was 2,411 million.
ANALYSIS OF RESERVES FOR THE GROUP
Other reserves as at 31 December | million Total 2014 |
million Total 2013 |
million Total 2012 |
|||||||||
Fair value reserves |
(198 | ) | (113 | ) | (219 | ) | ||||||
Cash flow hedges |
(234 | ) | (162 | ) | (241 | ) | ||||||
Available-for-sale financial assets
|
|
36
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
22
|
| |||
Currency retranslation of group companies |
(2,901 | ) | (2,611 | ) | (1,843 | ) | ||||||
Adjustment on translation of PLCs ordinary capital at 31/9p = 0.16 |
(164 | ) | (164 | ) | (164 | ) | ||||||
Capital redemption reserve |
32 | 32 | 32 | |||||||||
Book value of treasury stock |
(4,125 | ) | (3,890 | ) | (4,002 | ) | ||||||
Other(a) |
(182 | ) | | | ||||||||
(7,538 | ) | (6,746 | ) | (6,196 | ) |
(a) | Relates to option on purchase of subsidiary for non-controlling interest. |
Unilever acquired 7,304,993 (2013: 34,077) NV ordinary shares and 6,058,733 (2013: 330,000) PLC shares through purchases on the stock exchanges during the year. These shares are held as treasury stock as a separate component of other reserves. The total number held at 31 December 2014 was 153,928,997 (2013: 153,027,466) NV shares and 34,204,709 (2013: 31,845,853) PLC shares. Of these, 12,368,368 NV shares and 7,507,715 PLC shares were held in connection with share-based compensation plans (see note 4C on pages 98 and 99).
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 111 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
15B. EQUITY CONTINUED
Treasury stock movements during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
(3,890 | ) | (4,002 | ) | ||||
Purchases and other utilisations |
(235 | ) | 112 | |||||
31 December |
(4,125 | ) | (3,890 | ) | ||||
Currency retranslation reserve movements during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
(2,611 | ) | (1,843 | ) | ||||
Currency retranslation during the year |
(626 | ) | (496 | ) | ||||
Movement in net investment hedges and exchange differences in net investments in foreign operations |
412 | (275 | ) | |||||
Recycled to income statement | (76 | ) | 3 | |||||
31 December |
(2,901 | ) | (2,611 | ) | ||||
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME RECONCILIATION |
||||||||
Fair value gains/(losses) on financial instruments movement during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
(113 | ) | (219 | ) | ||||
Movement during the year |
(85 | ) | 106 | |||||
31 December |
(198 | ) | (113 | ) | ||||
Refer to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income on page 84, the consolidated statement of changes in equity on page 85 and note 6C on page 102. | ||||||||
Actuarial gains/(losses) on pension schemes movement during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
(1,107 | ) | (1,804 | ) | ||||
Movement during the year |
(1,250 | ) | 697 | |||||
31 December |
(2,357 | ) | (1,107 | ) | ||||
Refer to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income on page 84, the consolidated statement of changes in equity on page 85, note 4B from page 93 to 98 and note 6C on page 102. |
| |||||||
Currency retranslation gains/(losses) movement during the year | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
(3,006 | ) | (2,007 | ) | ||||
Currency retranslation during the year: |
||||||||
Other reserves |
(290 | ) | (788 | ) | ||||
Retained profit |
208 | (129 | ) | |||||
Non-controlling interest |
57 | (82 | ) | |||||
31 December |
(3,031 | ) | (3,006 | ) |
Financial liabilities(a)(b) | Notes | million Current 2014 |
million Non-current 2014 |
million Total 2014 |
million Current 2013 |
million Non-current 2013 |
million Total 2013 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Preference shares |
| 68 | 68 | | 68 | 68 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Bank loans and overdrafts |
588 | 526 | 1,114 | 491 | 576 | 1,067 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Bonds and other loans |
4,428 | 6,145 | 10,573 | 3,037 | 6,557 | 9,594 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finance lease creditors |
20 | 13 | 186 | 199 | 14 | 190 | 204 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives |
277 | 73 | 350 | 199 | 100 | 299 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other financial liabilities |
230 | 188 | 418 | 269 | | 269 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
5,536 | 7,186 | 12,722 | 4,010 | 7,491 | 11,501 |
(a) | For the purposes of notes 15C and 17A, financial assets and liabilities exclude trade and other current receivables and trade payables and other liabilities which are covered in notes 13 and 14 respectively. |
(b) | Financial liabilities include 1 million (2013: 6 million) of secured liabilities. |
112 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
15C. FINANCIAL LIABILITIES CONTINUED
ANALYSIS OF BONDS AND OTHER LOANS
million | million | |||||||
Total 2014 |
Total 2013 |
|||||||
Unilever N.V. |
||||||||
3.375% Bonds 2015 () |
764 | (a) | 777 | |||||
1.750% Bonds 2020 () |
746 | 746 | ||||||
3.500% Notes 2015 (Swiss francs) |
291 | 285 | ||||||
2.950% Notes 2017 (Renminbi) |
40 | | ||||||
1.150% Notes 2014 (Renminbi) |
| 36 | ||||||
Commercial paper |
2,739 | 1,008 | ||||||
Total NV |
4,580 | 2,852 | ||||||
Unilever PLC |
||||||||
4.750% Bonds 2017 (£) |
511 | 478 | ||||||
2.000% Notes 2018 (£) |
317 | (b) | | |||||
4.000% Bonds 2014 (£) |
| 419 | ||||||
Commercial Paper |
| 670 | ||||||
Total PLC |
828 | 1,567 | ||||||
Other group companies |
||||||||
Switzerland |
||||||||
Other |
24 | 5 | ||||||
United States |
||||||||
4.250% Notes 2021 (US $) |
819 | 722 | ||||||
5.900% Bonds 2032 (US $) |
812 | 716 | ||||||
4.800% Notes 2019 (US $) |
616 | 543 | ||||||
2.200% Notes 2019 (US $) |
610 | 537 | ||||||
0.850% Notes 2017 (US $) |
449 | 395 | ||||||
2.750% Notes 2016 (US $) |
411 | 362 | ||||||
0.450% Notes 2015 (US $) |
370 | 326 | ||||||
7.250% Bonds 2026 (US $) |
237 | 209 | ||||||
6.625% Bonds 2028 (US $) |
185 | 161 | ||||||
5.150% Notes 2020 (US $) |
132 | 117 | ||||||
7.000% Bonds 2017 (US $) |
121 | 107 | ||||||
5.600% Bonds 2097 (US $) |
74 | 66 | ||||||
3.650% Notes 2014 (US $) |
| 544 | ||||||
Commercial paper (US $) |
255 | 341 | ||||||
Other |
| 16 | ||||||
Other countries |
50 | 8 | ||||||
Total other group companies |
5,165 | 5,175 | ||||||
Total bonds and other loans |
10,573 | 9,594 |
(a) | Of which 14 million (2013: 28 million) relates to a fair value adjustment following the fair value hedge accounting of a fix-to-float interest rate swap. |
(b) | Of which (2) million (2013: nil) relates to a fair value adjustment following the fair value hedge accounting of a fix-to-float interest rate swap. |
Information in relation to the derivatives used to hedge bonds and other loans within a fair value hedge relationship is shown in note 16.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 113 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
DERIVATIVES AND HEDGE ACCOUNTING
Derivatives are measured at fair value with any related transaction costs expensed as incurred. The treatment of changes in the value of derivatives depends on their use as explained below.
(I) FAIR VALUE HEDGES(a)
Certain derivatives are held to hedge the risk of changes in value of a specific bond or other loan. In these situations, the Group designates the liability and related derivative to be part of a fair value hedge relationship. The carrying value of the bond is adjusted by the fair value of the risk being hedged, with changes going to the income statement. Gains and losses on the corresponding derivative are also recognised in the income statement. The amounts recognised are offset in the income statement to the extent that the hedge is effective. When the relationship no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the fair value hedge adjustment made to the bond is amortised to the income statement using the effective interest method.
(II) CASH FLOW HEDGES(a)
Derivatives are also held to hedge the uncertainty in timing or amount of future forecast cash flows. Such derivatives are classified as being part of cash flow hedge relationships. For an effective hedge, gains and losses from changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognised in equity. Any ineffective elements of the hedge are recognised in the income statement. If the hedged cash flow relates to a non-financial asset, the amount accumulated in equity is subsequently included within the carrying value of that asset. For other cash flow hedges, amounts deferred in equity are taken to the income statement at the same time as the related cash flow.
When a derivative no longer qualifies for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss remains in equity until the related cash flow occurs. When the cash flow takes place, the cumulative gain or loss is taken to the income statement. If the hedged cash flow is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss is taken to the income statement immediately.
(III) NET INVESTMENT HEDGES(a)
Certain derivatives are designated as hedges of the currency risk on the Groups investment in foreign subsidiaries. The accounting policy for these arrangements is set out in note 1.
(IV) DERIVATIVES FOR WHICH HEDGE ACCOUNTING IS NOT APPLIED
Derivatives not classified as hedges are held in order to hedge certain balance sheet items and commodity exposures. No hedge accounting is applied to these derivatives, which are carried at fair value with changes being recognised in the income statement.
(a) | Applying hedge accounting has not led to material ineffectiveness being recognised in the income statement for both 2013 and 2014. |
The Group is exposed to the following risks that arise from its use of financial instruments, the management of which is described in the following sections:
| liquidity risk (see note 16A); |
| market risk (see note 16B); and |
| credit risk (see note 17B). |
16A. MANAGEMENT OF LIQUIDITY RISK
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will face in meeting its obligations associated with its financial liabilities. The Groups approach to managing liquidity is to ensure that it will have sufficient funds to meet its liabilities when due without incurring unacceptable losses. In doing this, management considers both normal and stressed conditions. A material and sustained shortfall in our cash flow could undermine the Groups credit rating, impair investor confidence and also restrict the Groups ability to raise funds.
The Group maintained a cautious funding strategy, with a positive cash balance throughout 2014. This was the result of cash delivery from the business, coupled with the proceeds from bond issuances. This cash has been invested conservatively with low risk counter-parties at maturities of less than six months.
Cash flow from operating activities provides the funds to service the financing of financial liabilities on a day-to-day basis. The Group seeks to manage its liquidity requirements by maintaining access to global debt markets through short-term and long-term debt programmes. In addition, Unilever has committed credit facilities for general corporate use.
On 31 December 2014 Unilever had undrawn revolving 364-day bilateral credit facilities in aggregate of US $6,550 million (2013: US $6,400 million) with a 364-day term out. As part of the regular annual process the intention is that these facilities will again be renewed in 2015.
114 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
16A. MANAGEMENT OF LIQUIDITY RISK CONTINUED
The following table shows Unilevers contractually agreed undiscounted cash flows, including expected interest payments, which are payable under financial liabilities at the balance sheet date:
million | million | million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Undiscounted cash flows | Notes | Due 1 year |
Due 2 years |
Due 3 years |
Due 4 years |
Due 5 years |
Due 5 years |
Total | Net carrying amount as shown in balance sheet |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-derivative financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preference shares |
(4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (72 | ) | (92 | ) | (68 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bank loans and overdrafts |
(601 | ) | (257 | ) | (272 | ) | | | | (1,130 | ) | (1,114 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Bonds and other loans |
(4,758 | ) | (647 | ) | (1,289 | ) | (511 | ) | (1,418 | ) | (4,513 | ) | (13,136 | ) | (10,573 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance lease creditors |
20 | (25 | ) | (48 | ) | (23 | ) | (19 | ) | (18 | ) | (172 | ) | (305 | ) | (199 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Other financial liabilities |
(230 | ) | | | | | (188 | ) | (418 | ) | (418 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade payables excluding social security and sundry taxes |
14 | (12,051 | ) | (378 | ) | | | | | (12,429 | ) | (12,429 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Issued financial guarantees |
(11 | ) | | | | | | (11 | ) | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(17,680 | ) | (1,334 | ) | (1,588 | ) | (534 | ) | (1,440 | ) | (4,945 | ) | (27,521 | ) | (24,801 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
289 | 229 | 230 | 17 | | | 765 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(429 | ) | (255 | ) | (277 | ) | (19 | ) | | | (980 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
9,957 | 2 | | 347 | | | 10,306 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(10,284 | ) | (2 | ) | | (304 | ) | | | (10,590 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
405 | | | | | | 405 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(421 | ) | | | | | | (421 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(483 | ) | (26 | ) | (47 | ) | 41 | | | (515 | ) | (514 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total |
(18,163 | ) | (1,360 | ) | (1,635 | ) | (493 | ) | (1,440 | ) | (4,945 | ) | (28,036 | ) | (25,315 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-derivative financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preference shares |
(4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (4 | ) | (72 | ) | (92 | ) | (68 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bank loans and overdrafts |
(515 | ) | (42 | ) | (256 | ) | (274 | ) | (1 | ) | | (1,088 | ) | (1,067 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Bonds and other loans |
(3,333 | ) | (1,607 | ) | (571 | ) | (1,186 | ) | (165 | ) | (5,326 | ) | (12,188 | ) | (9,594 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Finance lease creditors |
20 | (25 | ) | (24 | ) | (43 | ) | (22 | ) | (18 | ) | (180 | ) | (312 | ) | (204 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Other financial liabilities |
(269 | ) | | | | | | (269 | ) | (269 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade payables excluding social security and sundry taxes |
14 | (11,104 | ) | (296 | ) | | | | | (11,400 | ) | (11,400 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Issued financial guarantees |
(12 | ) | | | | | | (12 | ) | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(15,262 | ) | (1,973 | ) | (874 | ) | (1,486 | ) | (188 | ) | (5,578 | ) | (25,361 | ) | (22,602 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
275 | 194 | 167 | 1 | | | 637 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(312 | ) | (256 | ) | (207 | ) | (1 | ) | | | (776 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
18,186 | | | | | | 18,186 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(18,415 | ) | | | | | | (18,415 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity derivatives: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts receipts |
86 | | | | | | 86 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative contracts payments |
(89 | ) | | | | | | (89 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(269 | ) | (62 | ) | (40 | ) | | | | (371 | ) | (395 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total |
(15,531 | ) | (2,035 | ) | (914 | ) | (1,486 | ) | (188 | ) | (5,578 | ) | (25,732 | ) | (22,997 | ) |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 115 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
16A. MANAGEMENT OF LIQUIDITY RISK CONTINUED
The following table shows cash flows for which cash flow hedge accounting is applied. The derivatives in the cash flow hedge relationships are expected to have an impact on profit and loss in the same periods as the cash flows occur.
million | million | million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Due within 1 year |
|
|
Due between 1 and 2 years |
|
|
Due between 2 and 3 years |
|
|
Due between 3 and 4 years |
|
|
Due between 4 and 5 years |
|
|
Due after 5 years |
|
Total |
|
Net carrying amount of related derivatives |
(a) | |||||||||||
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange cash inflows |
1,506 | 2 | | 347 | | | 1,855 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange cash outflows |
(1,503 | ) | (2 | ) | | (304 | ) | | | (1,809 | ) | 34 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate cash flows |
(97 | ) | | | | | | (97 | ) | (100 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity contracts cash flows |
(421 | ) | | | | | | (421 | ) | (15 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange cash inflows |
1,088 | | | | | | 1,088 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange cash outflows |
(509 | ) | | | | | | (509 | ) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate cash flows |
(2 | ) | (111 | ) | (2 | ) | (1 | ) | | | (116 | ) | (41 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Commodity contracts cash flows |
(313 | ) | | | | | | (313 | ) | 14 |
(a) See note 16C on page 118.
16B. MANAGEMENT OF MARKET RISK
Unilevers size and operations result in it being exposed to the following market risks that arise from its use of financial instruments:
| commodity price risk; |
| currency risk; and |
| interest rate risk. |
The above risks may affect the Groups income and expenses, or the value of its financial instruments. The objective of the Groups management of market risk is to maintain this risk within acceptable parameters, while optimising returns. Generally, the Group applies hedge accounting to manage the volatility in profit and loss arising from market risk.
The Groups exposure to, and management of, these risks is explained below. It often includes derivative financial instruments, the uses of which are described in note 16C.
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RISK |
MANAGEMENT POLICY AND HEDGING STRATEGY
|
SENSITIVITY TO THE RISK |
||||||||
I) COMMODITY PRICE RISK |
||||||||||
The Group is exposed to the risk of changes in commodity prices in relation to its purchase of certain raw materials.
At 31 December 2014, the Group had hedged its exposure to future commodity purchases for 197 million (2013: 318 million) with commodity derivatives. |
The Group uses commodity forward contracts to hedge against this risk. All commodity forward contracts hedge future purchases of raw materials and the contracts are settled either in cash or by physical delivery.
Commodity derivatives are generally designated as hedging instruments in cash flow hedge accounting relations. All commodity forward contracts are done in line with approvals from the Global Commodity Executive which is chaired by the Unilever Chief Supply Chain Officer (CSCO).
|
A 10% increase in commodity prices as at 31 December 2014 would have led to an 18 million gain on the commodity derivatives in the cash flow hedge reserve (2013: 32 million gain in the cash flow hedge reserve). A decrease of 10% in commodity prices on a full-year basis would have the equal but opposite effect. |
||||||||
II) CURRENCY RISK |
||||||||||
Currency risk on sales, purchases and borrowings
Because of Unilevers global reach, it is subject to the risk that changes in foreign currency values impact the Groups sales, purchases and borrowings.
|
The Group manages currency exposures within prescribed limits, mainly through the use of forward foreign currency exchange contracts.
Operating companies manage foreign exchange exposures within prescribed limits. Local compliance is monitored centrally.
|
As an estimation of the approximate impact of the residual risk, with respect to financial instruments, the Group has calculated the impact of a 10% change in exchange rates. |
116 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
16B. MANAGEMENT OF MARKET RISK CONTINUED
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RISK |
MANAGEMENT POLICY AND HEDGING STRATEGY
|
SENSITIVITY TO THE RISK |
||||||||
At 31 December 2014, the unhedged exposure to the Group from companies holding financial assets and liabilities other than in their functional currency amounted to 76 million (2013: 44 million). |
Exchange risks related to the principal amounts of the US $ and Swiss franc denominated debt either form part of hedging relationships themselves, or are hedged through forward contracts.
The aim of the Groups approach to management of currency risk is to leave the Group with no material residual risk. This aim has been achieved in all years presented.
|
A 10% strengthening of the euro against key currencies to which the Group is exposed would have led to approximately an additional 8 million gain in the income statement (2013: 4 million gain). A 10% weakening of the euro against these currencies would have led to an equal but opposite effect. |
||||||||
Currency risk on the Groups net investments
The Group is also subject to exchange risk in relation to the translation of the net investments of its foreign operations into euros for inclusion in its consolidated financial statements.
These net investments include Group financial loans which are monetary items that form part of our net investment in foreign operations, of 7.0 billion (2013: 0.8 billion), of which 4.0 billion (2013: 0) is denominated in GBP. In accordance with IAS 21, the exchange differences on these financial loans are booked through reserves.
Part of the currency exposure on the Groups investments is also managed using net investment hedges with a nominal value of 2.7 billion (2013 3.9 billion). Most of these hedges were US $/ contracts.
At 31 December 2014, the net exposure of the net investments in foreign currencies amounts to 10.4 billion (2013 3.4 billion).
|
Unilever aims to minimise this foreign investment exchange exposure by borrowing in local currency in the operating companies themselves. In some locations, however, the Groups ability to do this is inhibited by local regulations, lack of local liquidity or by local market conditions.
Where the residual risk from these countries exceeds prescribed limits, Treasury may decide on a case-by-case basis to actively hedge the exposure. This is done either through additional borrowings in the related currency, or through the use of forward foreign exchange contracts.
Where local currency borrowings, or forward contracts, are used to hedge the currency risk in relation to the Groups net investment in foreign subsidiaries, these relationships are designated as net investment hedges for accounting purposes. |
A 10% strengthening of the euro against all other currencies would have led to a 946 million negative retranslation effect (2013: 313 million negative retranslation effect). A 10% weakening of the euro against those currencies would have led to a 1,157 million positive retranslation effect (2013: 382 million positive retranslation effect). In line with accepted hedge accounting treatment and our accounting policy for financial loans, the retranslation differences would be recognised in equity. | ||||||||
III) INTEREST RATE RISK(a) |
||||||||||
The Group is exposed to market interest rate fluctuations on its floating rate debt. Increases in benchmark interest rates could increase the interest cost of our floating-rate debt and increase the cost of future borrowings. The Groups ability to manage interest costs also has an impact on reported results.
Taking into account the impact of interest rate swaps, at 31 December 2014, interest rates were fixed on approximately 70% of the expected net debt for 2015, and 67% for 2016 (87% for 2014 and 79% for 2015 at 31 December 2013).
The average interest rate on short-term borrowings in 2014 was 1.2% (2013: 1.0%). |
Unilevers interest rate management approach aims for an optimal balance between fixed and floating-rate interest rate exposures on expected net debt. The objective of this approach is to minimise annual interest costs after tax and to reduce volatility.
This is achieved either by issuing fixed or floating-rate long-term debt, or by modifying interest rate exposure through the use of interest rate swaps.
Furthermore, Unilever has interest rate swaps for which cash flow hedge accounting is applied. |
Assuming that all other variables remain constant, a 1.0 percentage point increase in floating interest rates on a full-year basis as at 31 December 2014 would have led to an additional 26 million of finance costs (2013: 7 million additional finance costs). A 1.0 percentage point decrease in floating interest rates on a full-year basis would have an equal but opposite effect.
Assuming that all other variables remain constant, a 1.0 percentage point increase in floating interest rates on a full-year basis as at 31 December 2014 would have led to an additional 39 million credit in equity from derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships (2013: 36 million credit). A 1.0 percentage point decrease in floating interest rates on a full-year basis would have led to an additional 42 million debit in equity from derivatives in cash flow hedge relationships (2013: 39 million debit).
|
(a) See the split in fixed and floating-rate interest in the following table.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 117 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
16B. MANAGEMENT OF MARKET RISK CONTINUED
The following table shows the split in fixed and floating rate interest exposures, taking into account the impact of interest rate swaps and cross-currency swaps:
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
|||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
2,151 | 2,285 | ||||||
Current other financial assets |
671 | 760 | ||||||
Current financial liabilities |
(5,536 | ) | (4,010 | ) | ||||
Non-current financial liabilities |
(7,186 | ) | (7,491 | ) | ||||
Net debt |
(9,900 | ) | (8,456 | ) | ||||
Of which: |
||||||||
Fixed rate (weighted average amount of fixing for the following year) |
(7,297 | ) | (7,764 | ) | ||||
Floating rate |
(2,603 | ) | (692 | ) | ||||
(9,900 | ) | (8,456 | ) |
The Group does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. The uses of derivatives and the related values of derivatives are summarised in the following table:
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade and other |
Other current financial assets |
Trade payables and other liabilities |
Current financial liabilities |
Non- current financial liabilities |
Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange derivatives |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges |
6 | | (1 | ) | | | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
9 | 28 | (3 | ) | | | 34 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations |
| 356 | (a) | | (23 | ) | | 333 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
106 | (225 | )(a) | (44 | ) | (196 | ) | | (359 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Cross-currency swaps |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| 137 | | (58 | ) | (71 | ) | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges |
| | | | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
| | (100 | ) | | | (100 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity contracts |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
| | (15 | ) | | | (15 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| | (1 | ) | | | (1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
121 | 296 | (164 | ) | (277 | ) | (73 | ) | (97 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | 417 | Total liabilities | (514 | ) | (97 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 December 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange derivatives |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges |
2 | | (6 | ) | | | (4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
16 | | (15 | ) | | | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hedges of net investments in foreign operations |
| 4 | | (69 | ) | | (65 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
48 | 116 | (32 | ) | (98 | ) | | 34 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cross-currency swaps |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| 174 | | (32 | ) | (100 | ) | 42 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value hedges |
| | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
| | (41 | ) | | | (41 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity contracts |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash flow hedges |
16 | | (2 | ) | | | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge accounting not applied |
| | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | 294 | (96 | ) | (199 | ) | (100 | ) | (19 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | 376 | Total liabilities | (395 | ) | (19 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(a) | Swaps that hedge the currency risk on intra-group loans and offset 356 million within Hedges of net investments in foreign operations are included within Hedge Accounting not applied. |
118 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
16C. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING CONTINUED
MASTER NETTING OR SIMILAR AGREEMENTS
A number of legal entities within our Group enter into derivative transactions under International Swap and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements. In general, under such agreements the amounts owed by each counter-party on a single day in respect of all transactions outstanding in the same currency are aggregated into a single net amount that is payable by one party to the other. In certain circumstances such as when a credit event such as a default occurs, all outstanding transactions under the agreement are terminated, the termination value is assessed and only a single net amount is payable in settlement of all transactions.
The ISDA agreements do not meet the criteria for offsetting the positive and negative values in the consolidated balance sheet. This is because the Group does not have any currently legally enforceable right to offset recognised amounts, between various Group and bank affiliates, because the right to offset is enforceable only on the occurrence of future credit events such as a default.
The column Related amounts not set off in the balance sheet Financial instruments shows the netting impact of our ISDA agreements, assuming the agreements are respected in the relevant jurisdiction.
(A) FINANCIAL ASSETS
The following financial assets are subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements.
Related amounts not set off in the balance sheet |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
As at 31 December 2014 | Gross amounts of recognised financial assets |
Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities set off in the balance sheet |
Net amounts of financial assets presented in the balance sheet |
Financial instruments |
Cash collateral received |
Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial assets |
773 | (356 | ) | 417 | (246 | ) | (24 | ) | 147 | |||||||||||||||
As at 31 December 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial assets |
376 | | 376 | (82 | ) | (5 | ) | 289 | ||||||||||||||||
(B) FINANCIAL LIABILITIES The following financial liabilities are subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements and similar agreements.
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Related amounts not set off in the balance sheet |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
As at 31 December 2014 | Gross amounts of recognised financial |
Gross amounts of recognised financial liabilities set off in the balance sheet |
Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the balance sheet |
Financial instruments |
Cash collateral pledged |
Net amount | ||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial liabilities |
870 | (356 | ) | 514 | (246 | ) | | 268 | ||||||||||||||||
As at 31 December 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative financial liabilities |
395 | | 395 | (82 | ) | | 313 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet include deposits, investments in money market funds and highly liquid investments. To be classified as cash and cash equivalents, an asset must:
| be readily convertible into cash; |
| have an insignificant risk of changes in value; and |
| have a maturity period of three months or less at acquisition. |
Cash and cash equivalents in the cash flow statement also include bank overdrafts and are recorded at amortised cost.
OTHER FINANCIAL ASSETS
Other financial assets are first recognised on the trade date. At that point, they are classified as:
(i) held-to-maturity investments;
(ii) loans and receivables;
(iii) available-for-sale financial assets; or
(iv) financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 119 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
17. INVESTMENT AND RETURN CONTINUED
(I) HELD-TO-MATURITY INVESTMENTS
These are assets with set cash flows and fixed maturities which Unilever intends to hold to maturity. They are held at cost plus interest using the effective interest method, less any impairment.
(II) LOANS AND RECEIVABLES
These are assets with an established payment profile and which are not listed on a recognised stock exchange. They are initially recognised at fair value, which is usually the original invoice amount plus any directly related transaction costs. Afterwards, loans and receivables are carried at amortised cost, less any impairment.
(III) AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE FINANCIAL ASSETS
Any financial assets not classified as either loans and receivables or financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are designated as available-for-sale. They are initially recognised at fair value, usually the original invoice amount plus any directly related transaction costs. Afterwards, they are measured at fair value with changes being recognised in equity. When the investment is sold or impaired, the accumulated gains and losses are moved from equity to the income statement. Interest and dividends from these assets are recognised in the income statement.
(IV) FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS
These are derivatives and assets that are held for trading. Related transaction costs are expensed as incurred. Unless they form part of a hedging relationship, these assets are held at fair value, with changes being recognised in the income statement.
IMPAIRMENT OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
Each year, the Group assesses whether there is evidence that financial assets are impaired. A significant or prolonged fall in value below the cost of an asset generally indicates that an asset may be impaired. If impaired, financial assets are written down to their estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses on assets classified as loans and receivables are recognised in profit and loss. When a later event causes the impairment losses to decrease, the reduction in impairment loss is also recognised in profit and loss. Impairment losses on assets classified as available-for-sale are recognised by moving the loss accumulated in equity to the income statement. Any subsequent recovery in value of an available-for-sale debt security is recognised within profit and loss. However, any subsequent recovery in value of an equity security is recognised within equity, and is recorded at amortised cost.
The Groups treasury function aims to protect the Groups financial investments, while maximising returns. The Groups cash resources and other financial assets are shown below.
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
Financial assets(a) | Current 2014 |
Non- current 2014 |
Total 2014 |
Current 2013 |
Non- current 2013 |
Total 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash at bank and in hand |
1,390 | | 1,390 | 834 | | 834 | ||||||||||||||||||
Short-term deposits with maturity of less than three months |
540 | | 540 | 1,360 | | 1,360 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other cash equivalents |
221 | | 221 | 91 | | 91 | ||||||||||||||||||
2,151 | | 2,151 | 2,285 | | 2,285 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other financial assets |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Held-to-maturity investments |
17 | 72 | 89 | 72 | 3 | 75 | ||||||||||||||||||
Loans and receivables(b) |
180 | 28 | 208 | 100 | 4 | 104 | ||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale financial assets(c) |
157 | 514 | 671 | 274 | 486 | 760 | ||||||||||||||||||
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives |
296 | | 296 | 294 | | 294 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other |
21 | 101 | 122 | 20 | 12 | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||
671 | 715 | 1,386 | 760 | 505 | 1,265 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total |
2,822 | 715 | 3,537 | 3,045 | 505 | 3,550 |
(a) | For the purposes of notes 15C and 17A, financial assets and liabilities exclude trade and other current receivables and trade payables and other liabilities which are covered in notes 13 and 14 respectively. |
(b) | Current loans and receivables include short-term deposits with banks with maturities of longer than three months. |
(c) | Current available-for-sale financial assets include government securities and A- or higher rated money and capital market instruments. Non-current available-for-sale financial assets predominantly consist of investments in a number of companies and financial institutions in Europe, India and the US, including 86 million (2013: 84 million) of assets in a trust to fund benefit obligations in the US (see also note 4B on page 97). |
120 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
17A. FINANCIAL ASSETS CONTINUED
Cash and cash equivalents reconciliation to the cash flow statement | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
Cash and cash equivalents per balance sheet |
2,151 | 2,285 | ||||||
Less: bank overdrafts |
(241 | ) | (241 | ) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents per cash flow statement |
1,910 | 2,044 |
Approximately 1.7 billion (or 81%) of the Groups cash and cash equivalents are held in foreign subsidiaries which repatriate distributable reserves on a regular basis. For most countries this is done through dividends free of tax. In a few countries we face cross-border foreign exchange controls and/or other legal restrictions that inhibit our ability to make these balances available in any means for general use by the wider business. The amount of cash held in these countries was 452 million (2013: 243 million). The cash will generally be invested or held in the relevant country and, given the other capital resources available to the Group, does not significantly affect the ability of the Group to meet its cash obligations.
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Group if a customer or counter-party fails to meet its contractual obligations. Additional information in relation to credit risk on trade receivables is given in note 13. These risks are generally managed by local controllers. Credit risk related to the use of treasury instruments is managed on a Group basis. This risk arises from transactions with financial institutions involving cash and cash equivalents, deposits and derivative financial instruments. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets. To reduce this risk, Unilever has concentrated its main activities with a limited number of counter-parties which have secure credit ratings. Individual risk limits are set for each counter-party based on financial position, credit rating and past experience. Credit limits and concentration of exposures are actively monitored by the Groups treasury department. Netting agreements are also put in place with Unilevers principal counter-parties. In the case of a default, these arrangements would allow Unilever to net assets and liabilities across transactions with that counter-party. To further reduce the Groups credit exposures on derivative financial instruments, Unilever has collateral agreements with Unilevers principal counter-parties in relation to derivative financial instruments. Under these arrangements, counter-parties are required to deposit securities and/or cash as a collateral for their obligations in respect of derivative financial instruments. At 31 December 2014 the collateral held by Unilever under such arrangements amounted to 24 million (2013: 9 million), of which 24 million (2013: 5 million) was in cash, and nil (2013: 4 million) was in the form of bond securities. The non-cash collateral has not been recognised as an asset in the Groups balance sheet.
Further details in relation to the Groups exposure to credit risk are shown in note 13 and note 16A.
18. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FAIR VALUE RISK
The Group is exposed to the risks of changes in fair value of its financial assets and liabilities. The following table summarises the fair values and carrying amounts of financial instruments.
Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities | million Fair value 2014 |
million Fair value 2013 |
million Carrying amount 2014 |
million Carrying amount 2013 |
||||||||||||
Financial assets |
||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
2,151 | 2,285 | 2,151 | 2,285 | ||||||||||||
Held-to-maturity investments |
89 | 75 | 89 | 75 | ||||||||||||
Loans and receivables |
208 | 104 | 208 | 104 | ||||||||||||
Available-for-sale financial assets |
671 | 760 | 671 | 760 | ||||||||||||
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |
||||||||||||||||
Derivatives |
296 | 294 | 296 | 294 | ||||||||||||
Other |
122 | 32 | 122 | 32 | ||||||||||||
3,537 | 3,550 | 3,537 | 3,550 | |||||||||||||
Financial liabilities |
||||||||||||||||
Preference shares |
(108 | ) | (114 | ) | (68 | ) | (68 | ) | ||||||||
Bank loans and overdrafts |
(1,119 | ) | (1,067 | ) | (1,114 | ) | (1,067 | ) | ||||||||
Bonds and other loans |
(11,417 | ) | (10,162 | ) | (10,573 | ) | (9,594 | ) | ||||||||
Finance lease creditors |
(224 | ) | (217 | ) | (199 | ) | (204 | ) | ||||||||
Derivatives |
(350 | ) | (299 | ) | (350 | ) | (299 | ) | ||||||||
Other financial liabilities |
(418 | ) | (269 | ) | (418 | ) | (269 | ) | ||||||||
(13,636 | ) | (12,128 | ) | (12,722 | ) | (11,501 | ) |
The fair value of trade receivables and payables is considered to be equal to the carrying amount of these items due to their short-term nature. The instruments that have a fair value that is different from the carrying amount are classified as Level 2 for both 2013 and 2014.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 121 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
18. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FAIR VALUE RISK CONTINUED
FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY
The fair values shown above have been classified into three categories depending on the inputs used in the valuation technique. The categories used are as follows:
| Level 1: quoted prices for identical instruments; |
| Level 2: directly or indirectly observable market inputs, other than Level 1 inputs; and |
| Level 3: inputs which are not based on observable market data. |
For assets and liabilities which are carried at fair value, the classification of fair value calculations by category is summarised below:
million | million | million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes | Level 1 2014 |
Level 1 2013 |
Level 2 2014 |
Level 2 2013 |
Level 3 2014 |
Level 3 2013 |
Total fair value 2014 |
Total fair value 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assets at fair value |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other cash equivalents |
17A | | | 221 | 91 | | | 221 | 91 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale financial assets |
17A | 15 | 8 | 158 | 276 | 498 | 476 | 671 | 760 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives(a) |
16C | | | 417 | 376 | | | 417 | 376 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other |
17A | 119 | 25 | | | 3 | 7 | 122 | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities at fair value |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivatives(b) |
16C | | | (514 | ) | (395 | ) | | | (514 | ) | (395 | ) |
(a) | Includes 121 million (2013: 82 million) derivatives, reported within trade receivables, that hedge trading activities. |
(b) | Includes (164) million (2013: (96) million) derivatives, reported within trade payables, that hedge trading activities. |
There were no significant changes in classification of fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities since 31 December 2013. There were also no significant movements between the fair value hierarchy classifications since 31 December 2013.
The fair value of trade receivables and payables is considered to be equal to the carrying amount of these items due to their short-term nature.
Reconciliation of Level 3 fair value measurements of financial assets is given below:
Reconciliation of movements in Level 3 valuations | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
1 January |
483 | 506 | ||||||
Gains and losses recognised in profit and loss |
(3 | ) | 2 | |||||
Gains and losses recognised in other comprehensive income |
17 | (5 | ) | |||||
Purchases and new issues |
4 | 29 | ||||||
Sales and settlements |
| (49 | ) | |||||
Transfers into Level 3 |
| | ||||||
Transfers out of Level 3 |
| | ||||||
31 December |
501 | 483 |
SIGNIFICANT UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS USED IN LEVEL 3 FAIR VALUES
The only individually material asset valued using Level 3 techniques is a particular unlisted investment with a carrying value at year end of 189 million (2013: 190 million). A change in one or more of the inputs to reasonably possible alternative assumptions would not change fair value significantly.
CALCULATION OF FAIR VALUES
The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities are defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair values are consistent with those used in the year ended 31 December 2013.
ASSETS AND LIABILITIES CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE
| The fair values of quoted investments falling into Level 1 are based on current bid prices. |
| The fair values of unquoted available-for-sale financial assets are based on recent trades in liquid markets, observable market rates, discounted cash flow analysis and statistical modelling techniques such as Monte Carlo simulation. If all significant inputs required to fair value an instrument are observable, the instrument is included in Level 2. If one or more of the significant inputs is not based on observable market data, the instrument is included in Level 3. |
| Derivatives are valued using valuation techniques with market observable inputs. The models incorporate various inputs including the credit quality of counter-parties, foreign exchange spot and forward rates, interest rate curves and forward rate curves of the underlying commodities. |
| For listed securities where the market is not liquid, and for unlisted securities, valuation techniques are used. These include the use of recent arms length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same and discounted cash flow calculations. |
122 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
18. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FAIR VALUE RISK CONTINUED
OTHER FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (FAIR VALUES FOR DISCLOSURE PURPOSES ONLY)
| Cash and cash equivalents, trade and other current receivables, bank loans and overdrafts, trade payables and other current liabilities have fair values that approximate to their carrying amounts due to their short-term nature. |
| The fair values of preference shares and listed bonds are based on their market value. |
| Non-listed bonds, other loans, bank loans and non-current receivables and payables are based on the net present value of the anticipated future cash flows associated with these instruments using rates currently available for debt on similar terms, credit risk and remaining maturities. |
| Fair values for finance lease creditors have been assessed by reference to current market rates for comparable leasing arrangements. |
POLICIES AND PROCESSES USED IN RELATION TO THE CALCULATION OF LEVEL 3 FAIR VALUES
Assets valued using Level 3 valuation techniques are primarily made up of long-term cash receivables and unlisted investments. Valuation techniques used are specific to the circumstances involved. Unlisted investments include 136 million (2013: 132 million) of investments within Unilever Ventures Limited. These investments are governed and administered by a dedicated management team. The remaining assets in this category are held across several locations and valuations are managed locally, with oversight from corporate management.
Provisions are recognised where a legal or constructive obligation exists at the balance sheet date, as a result of a past event, where the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated and where the outflow of economic benefit is probable.
Provisions | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||
Due within one year |
418 | 379 | ||||||||||||||||||
Due after one year |
916 | 892 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total provisions |
1,334 | 1,271 | ||||||||||||||||||
million | million | million | million | million | ||||||||||||||||
Movements during 2014 | Restructuring | Legal | Disputed indirect taxes |
Other | Total | |||||||||||||||
1 January 2014 |
236 | 167 | 686 | 182 | 1,271 | |||||||||||||||
Income statement: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Charges |
216 | 89 | 404 | 47 | 756 | |||||||||||||||
Releases |
(58 | ) | (18 | ) | (328 | ) | (30 | ) | (434 | ) | ||||||||||
Utilisation |
(190 | ) | (12 | ) | (54 | ) | (20 | ) | (276 | ) | ||||||||||
Currency translation |
11 | 2 | (2 | ) | 6 | 17 | ||||||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
215 | 228 | 706 | 185 | 1,334 |
The provision for legal includes provisions related to competition cases (see also note 20).
The provision for disputed indirect taxes is comprised of a number of small disputed items. The largest elements relate to disputes with Brazilian authorities. Due to the nature of the disputes, the timing of provision utilisation and any cash outflows is uncertain. The majority of disputed items attract an interest charge.
No individual items within the remaining provisions are significant. Unilever expects that the issues relating to these restructuring, legal and other provisions will be substantively resolved within five years.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 123 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
Assets held under finance leases are initially recognised at the lower of fair value at the date of commencement of the lease and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, these assets are accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy relating to that specific asset. The corresponding liability is included in the balance sheet as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are apportioned between finance costs in the income statement and reduction of the lease obligation so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability.
Lease payments under operating leases are charged to the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Contingent liabilities are either possible obligations that will probably not require a transfer of economic benefits, or present obligations that may, but probably will not, require a transfer of economic benefits. It is not appropriate to make provisions for contingent liabilities, but there is a chance that they will result in an obligation in the future.
million | million | million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||
Long-term finance lease commitments | Future minimum lease payments 2014 |
Finance cost 2014 |
Present value 2014 |
Future minimum lease payments 2013 |
Finance cost 2013 |
Present value 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||
Buildings(a) |
283 | 102 | 181 | 290 | 103 | 187 | ||||||||||||||||||
Plant and machinery |
22 | 4 | 18 | 22 | 5 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||
305 | 106 | 199 | 312 | 108 | 204 | |||||||||||||||||||
The commitments fall due as follows: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Within 1 year |
25 | 12 | 13 | 25 | 10 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||
Later than 1 year but not later than 5 years |
108 | 36 | 72 | 107 | 36 | 71 | ||||||||||||||||||
Later than 5 years |
172 | 58 | 114 | 180 | 62 | 118 | ||||||||||||||||||
305 | 106 | 199 | 312 | 108 | 204 | |||||||||||||||||||
(a) All leased land is classified as operating leases.
The table below shows the net book value of property, plant and equipment under a number of finance lease agreements.
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
million | million | million | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net book value | Buildings | Plant and equipment |
Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cost |
218 | 148 | 366 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated depreciation |
(69 | ) | (124 | ) | (193 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
31 December 2014 |
149 | 24 | 173 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cost |
211 | 141 | 352 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated depreciation |
(57 | ) | (119 | ) | (176 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
31 December 2013 |
154 | 22 | 176 | |||||||||||||||||||||
The Group has sublet part of the leased properties under finance leases. Future minimum sublease payments of 38 million (2013: 30 million) are expected to be received.
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term operating lease commitments | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Land and buildings |
1,903 | 1,328 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Plant and machinery |
424 | 459 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2,327 | 1,787 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
million | million | million | million | |||||||||||||||||||||
Operating lease and other commitments fall due as follows: | Operating 2014 |
Operating 2013 |
Other 2014 |
Other 2013 |
||||||||||||||||||||
Within 1 year |
390 | 335 | 1,034 | 906 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Later than 1 year but not later than 5 years |
1,171 | 913 | 950 | 778 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Later than 5 years |
766 | 539 | 41 | 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2,327 | 1,787 | 2,025 | 1,709 |
124 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES CONTINUED
The Group has sublet part of the leased properties under operating leases. Future minimum sublease payments of 7 million (2013: 12 million) are expected to be received.
Other commitments principally comprise commitments under contracts to purchase materials and services. They do not include commitments for capital expenditure, which are reported in note 10 on page 105.
Contingent liabilities arise in respect of litigation against group companies, investigations by competition, regulatory and fiscal authorities and obligations arising under environmental legislation. The estimated total of such contingent liabilities at 31 December 2014 was 1,406 million (2013: 719 million) of which 1,250 million (2013: 561 million) represents the maximum exposure related to assessments in Brazil regarding a local corporate reorganisation in 2001, as explained further below. The Group does not believe that any of these contingent liabilities will result in a material loss.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Group is involved from time to time in legal and arbitration proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.
As previously disclosed, along with other consumer products companies and retail customers, Unilever is involved in a number of ongoing investigations by national competition authorities. These proceedings and investigations are at various stages and concern a variety of product markets. In the second half of 2013 Unilever recognised provisions of 120 million related to these cases, disclosed within non-core items. In the second half of 2014 these provisions were increased by a further 30 million.
Ongoing compliance with competition laws is of key importance to Unilever. It is Unilevers policy to co-operate fully with competition authorities whenever questions or issues arise. In addition, the Group continues to reinforce and enhance our internal competition law compliance programme on an ongoing basis. As disclosed above, where specific issues arise provisions are made and contingent liabilities disclosed to the extent appropriate.
During 2004 in Brazil, and in common with many other businesses operating in that country, one of our Brazilian subsidiaries received a notice of infringement from the Federal Revenue Service. The notice alleges that a 2001 reorganisation of our local corporate structure was undertaken without valid business purpose. The 2001 reorganisation was comparable with restructurings done by many companies in Brazil. The original dispute was resolved in the courts in the Groups favour. However, in 2013 a new assessment was raised in respect of a similar matter. Additionally, during the course of 2014 another notice of infringement was issued based on the same grounds argued in the previous assessments. The Group believes that the likelihood of a successful challenge by the tax authorities is low, however, there can be no guarantee of success in court.
In many markets, there is a high degree of complexity involved in the local tax regimes. In common with other businesses operating in this environment, the Group is required to exercise judgement in the assessment of any potential exposures in these areas. Where appropriate, the Group will make provisions or disclose contingencies in accordance with the relevant accounting principles.
21. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSALS
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition accounting method as at the acquisition date, which is the date at which control is transferred to the Group.
Goodwill is measured at the acquisition date as the fair value of consideration transferred, plus non-controlling interests and the fair value of any previously held equity interests less the net recognised amount (which is generally fair value) of the identifiable assets and liabilities assumed. Consideration transferred does not include amounts related to settlement of pre-existing relationships. Such amounts are generally recognised in net profit.
Transaction costs are expensed as incurred, other than those incurred in relation to the issue of debt or equity securities. Any contingent consideration payable is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recognised in net profit.
Changes in ownership that do not result in a change of control are accounted for as equity transactions and therefore do not have any impact on goodwill. The difference between consideration and the non-controlling share of net assets acquired is recognised within equity.
2014
On 16 January 2014 the Group signed an agreement to sell its Royal pasta brand in the Philippines to RFM Corporation, for US $48 million.
On 7 March 2014 the Group acquired a 55% equity stake in the Qinyuan Group, a leading Chinese water purification business for an undisclosed amount.
On 1 April 2014 the Group completed the sale of its meat snacks business, including the Bifi and Peperami brands, to Jack Links for an undisclosed amount.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 125 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
21. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSALS CONTINUED
On 30 June 2014 the Group completed the sale of its global Ragu and Bertolli pasta sauce business to Mizkan Group for a total cash consideration of approximately US $2.15 billion.
On 10 July 2014 the Group sold its SlimFast brand to Kainos Capital for an undisclosed amount. Unilever will retain a minority stake in the business.
On 2 December 2014 the Group acquired Talenti Gelato & Sorbetto for an undisclosed amount.
On 22 December 2014 the Group announced the purchase of the Camay brand globally and the Zest brand outside of North America and the Caribbean from The Procter & Gamble Company. The transaction, for an undisclosed amount, is expected to close during the first half of 2015 subject to necessary regulatory approvals.
2013
On 3 January 2013 the Group announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to sell its global Skippy business to Hormel Foods for a total cash consideration of approximately US $700 million. The transaction completed on 31 January 2013, excluding the portion operated out of China, which completed on 26 November 2013.
On 8 April 2013 Unilever Czech Republic signed an agreement to acquire the SAVO and other consumer brands from Bochemie. This completed on 1 July 2013.
On 26 July 2013 Unilever signed an agreement to sell its Unipro bakery & industrial oils business in Turkey to AAK for an undisclosed sum. This completed on 2 September 2013.
On 6 September 2013 Unilever announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire T2, a premium Australian tea business, for an undisclosed amount. This completed on 3 October 2013.
On 1 October 2013 the Group completed the sale of its Wish-Bone and Western dressings brands to Pinnacle Foods Inc. for a total cash consideration of approximately US $580 million.
On 19 November 2013 Unilever signed an agreement for the sale of its Soft & Beautiful, TCB and Pro-Line Comb-Thru brands to Strength of Nature for an undisclosed amount. The sale excludes TCBs business in Africa.
The table below shows the impact of all disposals during the year on the Group. The results of disposed businesses are included in the consolidated financial statements up to their date of disposal:
Disposals | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Goodwill and intangible assets |
229 | 189 | 29 | |||||||||
Other non-current assets |
106 | 43 | 35 | |||||||||
Current assets |
50 | 59 | 38 | |||||||||
Trade creditors and other payables |
(5 | ) | (8 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||||
Net assets sold |
380 | 283 | 100 | |||||||||
(Gain)/loss on recycling of currency retranslation on disposal |
(76 | ) | | | ||||||||
Profit on sale attributable to Unilever |
1,392 | 733 | 117 | |||||||||
Consideration |
1,696 | 1,016 | 217 | |||||||||
Cash |
1,727 | 1,030 | 229 | |||||||||
Cash balances of businesses sold |
(4 | ) | | | ||||||||
Financial assets, cash deposits and financial liabilities of businesses sold |
| | (9 | ) | ||||||||
Non-cash items and deferred consideration |
(27 | ) | (14 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||
The following table sets out the effect of acquisitions in 2014, 2013 and 2012 on the consolidated balance sheet. The fair values currently established for all acquisitions made in 2014 are provisional. The goodwill arising on these transactions has been capitalised and is subject to an annual review for impairment (or more frequently if necessary) in accordance with our accounting policies as set out in note 9 on page 103. Any impairment is charged to the income statement as it arises. Detailed information relating to goodwill is given in note 9 on pages 103 to 105.
|
| |||||||||||
Acquisitions | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
|||||||||
Net assets acquired |
240 | 55 | 10 | |||||||||
Goodwill arising in subsidiaries |
184 | 62 | 10 | |||||||||
Consideration |
424 | 117 | 20 |
126 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
22. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES HELD FOR SALE
Non-current assets and groups of assets and liabilities which comprise disposal groups are classified as held for sale when all of the following criteria are met: a decision has been made to sell; the assets are available for sale immediately; the assets are being actively marketed; and a sale has been agreed or is expected to be concluded within 12 months of the balance sheet date.
Immediately prior to classification as held for sale, the assets or groups of assets are remeasured in accordance with the Groups accounting policies. Subsequently, assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are valued at the lower of book value or fair value less disposal costs. Assets held for sale are not depreciated.
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
|||||||
Groups of assets held for sale |
||||||||
Goodwill and intangibles |
12 | 3 | ||||||
Property, plant and equipment |
4 | 24 | ||||||
Inventories |
1 | 1 | ||||||
Trade and other receivables |
1 | 1 | ||||||
Other |
5 | 3 | ||||||
23 | 32 | |||||||
Non-current assets held for sale |
||||||||
Property, plant and equipment |
24 | 60 | ||||||
Liabilities held for sale |
||||||||
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale |
1 | 4 |
23. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A related party is a person or entity that is related to the Group. These include both people and entities that have, or are subject to, the influence or control of the Group.
The following related party balances existed with associate or joint venture businesses at 31 December:
Related party balances | million 2014 |
million 2013 |
||||||
Trading and other balances due from joint ventures |
105 | 130 | ||||||
Trading and other balances due from/(to) associates |
| |
JOINT VENTURES
Sales by Unilever group companies to Unilever Jerónimo Martins and Pepsi Lipton joint ventures were 106 million and 51 million in 2014 (2013: 92 million and 51 million) respectively. Sales from Unilever Jerónimo Martins and from Pepsi Lipton joint ventures to Unilever group companies were 46 million and 54 million in 2014 (2013: 43 million and 52 million) respectively. Balances owed by/(to) Unilever Jerónimo Martins and Pepsi Lipton joint ventures at 31 December 2014 were 112 million and (6) million (2013: 117 million and (4) million) respectively.
ASSOCIATES
Langholm Capital Partners invests in private European companies with above-average longer-term growth prospects. Langholm Capital II was launched in 2009. Unilever has invested 35 million in Langholm II, with an outstanding commitment at the end of 2014 of 40 million (2013: 42 million).
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 127 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
24. PURCHASE OF ESTATE SHARES CONVERTIBLE TO UNILEVER PLC SHARES IN 2038
The first Viscount Leverhulme was the founder of the company which became Unilever PLC. When he died in 1925, he left in his will a large number of PLC shares in various trusts. When the will trusts were varied in 1983, the interests of the beneficiaries of his will were also preserved. Four classes of special shares were created in Margarine Union (1930) Limited, a subsidiary of PLC.
One of these classes of shares (Estate shares) has rights that enable it to be converted at the end of the year 2038 to 70,875,000 Unilever PLC ordinary shares. Before this date, these shares have no rights to dividends nor do they allow early conversion. There are 20,000 Estate shares with a nominal value of £0.01 each.
On 19 May 2014, Unilever PLC purchased all of the Estate shares for a cash consideration of £715 million plus transaction costs. The resulting loss of 880 million, being the difference between the nominal value and the amount paid, has been recorded in retained earnings. Unilever intends to cancel these shares.
This note includes all amounts paid to the Groups auditors, whether in relation to their audit of the Group or otherwise.
Following a competitive tender process KPMG LLP and KPMG Accountants N.V. (together referred to as KPMG) were appointed as the Groups auditor for the year ended 31 December 2014 at the Annual General Meetings on 14 May 2014. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V. (together referred to as PricewaterhouseCoopers) served as Group auditor for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2012. Remuneration of the Groups auditor in respect of 2014 was payable to KPMG while in respect of 2013 and 2012 remuneration was payable to PricewaterhouseCoopers.
During the year the Group (including its subsidiaries) obtained the following services from the Group auditor and its associates:
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
million 2012 |
||||||||||
Fees payable to the Groups auditor for the audit of the consolidated and parent |
5 | 6 | 7 | |||||||||
Fees payable to the Groups auditor for the audit of accounts of subsidiaries of |
9 | 10 | 11 | |||||||||
Total statutory audit fees(c) |
14 | 16 | 18 | |||||||||
Audit-related assurance services |
| (d) | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
Other taxation advisory services |
| (d) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Services relating to corporate finance transactions |
| | | |||||||||
Other assurance services |
| (d) | | | ||||||||
All other non-audit services |
| (d) | 1 | |
(a) | Of which: |
1 million was payable to KPMG Accountants N.V. (PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V. 2013: 1 million; and 2012: 1 million) and 4 million was payable to KPMG LLP (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 2013 5 million; 2012: 6 million). |
(b) | Comprises fees payable to the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative for audit work on statutory financial statements and Group reporting returns of subsidiary companies in 2014 (2013 and 2012: PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited). |
(c) | Amount payable to KPMG in respect of services supplied to associated pension schemes was less than 1 million individually and in aggregate (PricewaterhouseCoopers 2013: 1 million; and 2012: 1 million). |
(d) | Amounts paid in relation to each type of service are less than 1 million individually and in aggregate. |
26. EVENTS AFTER THE BALANCE SHEET DATE
Where events occurring after the balance sheet date provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period, the impact of these events is adjusted within the financial statements. Otherwise, events after the balance sheet date of a material size or nature are disclosed below.
On 20 January 2015 Unilever announced a quarterly dividend with the 2014 fourth quarter results of 0.2850 per NV ordinary share and £0.2177 per PLC ordinary share.
On 3 February 2015 Unilever issued a 750 million 0.50% fixed rate bond which will mature in seven years.
128 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 129 |
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
UNILEVER GROUP CONTINUED
130 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
UNILEVER N.V.
BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31 DECEMBER
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
|||||||
Intangible assets |
1,217 | 1,311 | ||||||
Investments in subsidiaries |
29,240 | 28,381 | ||||||
Debtors due after more than one year |
782 | | ||||||
Total non-current assets |
31,239 | 29,692 | ||||||
Debtors due within one year |
4,462 | 4,960 | ||||||
Deferred taxation |
| 19 | ||||||
Cash at bank and in hand |
5 | 3 | ||||||
Total current assets |
4,467 | 4,982 | ||||||
Liabilities due within one year |
(26,181 | ) | (24,561 | ) | ||||
Net current assets/(liabilities) |
(21,714 | ) | (19,579 | ) | ||||
Total assets less current liabilities |
9,525 | 10,113 | ||||||
Liabilities due after more than one year |
864 | 1,865 | ||||||
Provisions for liabilities and charges (excluding pensions and similar obligations) |
75 | 97 | ||||||
Net pension liability |
117 | 100 | ||||||
Capital and reserves
|
|
8,469
|
|
|
8,051
|
| ||
Called up share capital |
275 | 275 | ||||||
Share premium account |
20 | 20 | ||||||
Legal reserves |
16 | 16 | ||||||
Other reserves |
(3,325 | ) | (3,237 | ) | ||||
Profit retained |
11,483 | 10,977 | ||||||
|
||||||||
Total capital employed |
9,525 | 10,113 | ||||||
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER
|
||||||||
million 2014 |
million 2013 |
|||||||
Income from fixed investments after taxation |
2,064 | 1,558 | ||||||
Other income and expenses |
157 | 124 | ||||||
Profit for the year |
2,221 | 1,682 |
For the information required by Article 2:392 of the Dutch Civil Code, refer to pages 135 and 136. Pages 132 to 134 are part of the notes to the Unilever N.V. company accounts.
The company accounts of Unilever N.V. are included in the consolidated accounts of the Unilever Group. Therefore, and in accordance with Article 2:402 of the Dutch Civil Code, the profit and loss account only reflects the income from fixed investments after taxation and other income and expenses after taxes. Under the terms of Financial Reporting Standard 1 (revised 1996) Cash Flow Statements (FRS 1) a cash flow statement is not included, as the cash flows are included in the consolidated cash flow statement of Unilever Group.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 131 |
UNILEVER N.V.
132 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 133 |
NOTES TO THE COMPANY ACCOUNTS
UNILEVER N.V. CONTINUED
134 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
FURTHER STATUTORY AND OTHER INFORMATION
UNILEVER N.V.
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 135 |
RESPONSIBILITIES OF KPMG ACCOUNTANTS N.V.
136 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
UNILEVER PLC
BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31 DECEMBER
£ million | £ million | |||||||
2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Fixed assets |
||||||||
Intangible assets |
176 | 189 | ||||||
Investments in subsidiaries |
8,372 | 8,115 | ||||||
8,548 | 8,304 | |||||||
Current assets |
||||||||
Debtors due within one year |
598 | 248 | ||||||
Liabilities due within one year |
(7,256 | ) | (6,081 | ) | ||||
Net current assets/(liabilities) |
(6,658 | ) | (5,833 | ) | ||||
Total assets less current liabilities |
1,890 | 2,471 | ||||||
Liabilities due after more than one year |
648 | 398 | ||||||
Provision for liabilities and charges (excluding pensions and similar obligations) |
(5 | ) | 8 | |||||
Capital and reserves |
1,247 | 2,065 | ||||||
Called up share capital |
41 | 41 | ||||||
Share premium account |
94 | 94 | ||||||
Capital redemption reserve |
11 | 11 | ||||||
Other reserves |
(394 | ) | (367 | ) | ||||
Profit retained |
1,495 | 2,286 | ||||||
Total capital employed |
1,890 | 2,471 |
The financial statements on pages 137 to 139 were approved by the Board of Directors on 3 March 2015 and signed on its behalf by M Treschow and P Polman.
As permitted by Section 408 of the United Kingdom Companies Act 2006, an entity profit and loss account is not included as part of the published company accounts for PLC. Under the terms of Financial Reporting Standard 1 (revised 1996) Cash Flow Statements (FRS 1), a cash flow statement is not included, as the cash flows are included in the consolidated cash flow statement of the Unilever Group.
ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
M Treschow
Chairman
P Polman
Chief Executive Officer
3 March 2015
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 137 |
UNILEVER PLC
138 Financial statements | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
NOTES TO THE COMPANY ACCOUNTS
UNILEVER PLC CONTINUED
Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 | Financial statements 139 |
Our Annual Report and Accounts is in two parts; for pages 1 to 40 please refer to Our Strategic Report and for pages 41 to 139 please refer to this Governance and Financial Report.
140 | Unilever Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
This document may contain forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as will, aim, expects, anticipates, intends, looks, believes, vision, or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance.
Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which cause actual results to differ materially are: Unilevers global brands not meeting consumer preferences; Unilevers ability to innovate and remain competitive; Unilevers investment choices in its portfolio management; inability to find sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; the production of safe and high quality products; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; financial risks; failure to meet high and ethical standards; and managing regulatory, tax and legal matters. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Groups filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including in the Groups Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2014 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2014. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this document. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Groups expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
This document is not prepared in accordance with US GAAP and should not therefore be relied upon by readers as such. The Groups Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2014 is separately filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and is available on our corporate website www.unilever.com.
In addition, a printed copy of the Annual Report on Form 20-F is available, free of charge, upon request to Unilever, Investor Relations Department, 100 Victoria Embankment, London EC4Y 0DY, United Kingdom.
This report comprises regulated information within the meaning of Sections 1:1 and 5:25c of the Act on Financial Supervision (Wet op het financieel toezicht (Wft)) in the Netherlands.
The brand names shown in this report are trademarks owned by or licensed to companies within the Unilever Group.
References in this document to information on websites (and/or social media sites) are included as an aid to their location and such information is not incorporated in, and does not form part of, the Annual Report and Accounts 2014 or Annual Report on Form 20-F with the exception of the explanations and disclaimers which can be accessed via KPMGs website: www.kpmg.com/uk/auditscopeukco2014b, which is incorporated into the Auditors Report in the Annual Report and Accounts 2014 as if set out in full.
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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorised the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.
Unilever PLC |
(Registrant) |
/s/ T. E. Lovell |
T. E. LOVELL, |
Group Secretary |
Date: 6 March 2015